The Science of Human Movement

Video IF WE HAD NO BONES

The purpose of the skeleton is to provide structure, support and protection to the various organs and systems necessary for life A typical adult human skeleton contains 206 bones THE HUMAN SKELETON

Do infants have more or fewer bones than adults? THE HUMAN SKELETON

Do infants have more or fewer bones than adults? Answer: More! Many bones begin separated but fuse together as humans develop. For example, the bones of the skull begin separated to allow for brain growth and development. (This is why babies’ heads are so vulnerable) THE HUMAN SKELETON

Do infants have more or fewer bones than adults? THE HUMAN SKELETON

The human skeleton consists of three types of connective tissue: Bone Tissue Ligaments Cartilage STRUCTURAL FEATURES The Right Knee

Rigid and dense material which contains living cells and non-living minerals (mostly calcium and phosphorus). Canals in bones contain nerves and blood vessels. BONES The Right Knee

BONES

Due to the living cells, bone can regenerate if injured. Only a small percentage of bone tissue is actually living BONES The Right Knee

BONE TISSUE

BONE CELLS

Tough, elastic connective tissues Hold bones together, especially where extra support is necessary (ie. at joints) Made up of collagen fibres (non-living), so regeneration after an injury is more difficult LIGAMENTS The Right Knee

Made of special cells, surrounded by collagen fibres (stretchy elastic fibres). Limited regeneration following injury Strong and flexible, but they contain special proteins that decrease friction Located where bones contact each other CARTILAGE The Right Knee

In small groups, consider the following question: What does your body do, in order for you move from one place to another? HOW DO WE MOVE?

The human body contains three different types of muscle: Cardiac Muscle is the muscle lining the walls of the heart. Smooth Muscle is the muscle lining the digestive system (peristalsis) The type specifically associated with movement is called Skeletal Muscle. MUSCLE (Bundle of Muscle fibres)

MUSCLE

A Skeletal Muscle is connected to one or more bones via Tendons, which are like less elastic (but more stable) versions of ligaments. Muscles exert a force on bones and cause them to move in response to signals from the nervous system. Muscles can pull, but never push… SO HOW DO WE MOVE?

In order to return a bone to its original position, an opposing muscle, or antagonist muscle must pull it back ANTAGONIST MUSCLES

QWOP!!! ANTAGONIST MUSCLES

A bone disorder characterized by loss of calcium Affects people of all ages, women are more prone to it OSTEOPOROSIS

Painless, but weaker bones make injuries more common, especially in the elderly Consuming foods with lots of calcium and vitamin D help lessen the risk OSTEOPOROSIS

Since the skeleton is central to the human body’s support and protection, it experiences many physical impacts and stresses. Severe impacts can tear ligaments, tendons, muscles and fracture bones. X-Rays are taken after a serious injury to determine if a bone is fractured, and how to best treat the injury. STICKS AND STONES…

Left Arm Broken ulna (Transverse Fracture) STICKS AND STONES…

All vertebrates have musculoskeletal systems similar to ours, with muscles attached to bones beneath the skin. IN OTHER NEWS… Invertebrates (worms, jellyfish etc.) have very different systems, since they have no rigid frame and can change shape.

EXOSKELETONS Insects and arthropods wear their skeleton outside of their skin (called an exoskeleton).

Homework: pg #1-6 HOMEWORK