Outline Introduction Existing solutions for ad hoc

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Presentation transcript:

Ad Hoc Networking via Named Data Michael Meisel, Lixia Zhang UCLA Vasileios Pappas IBM Research ACM MobiArch 2010 Speaker : Conque, Kim cqkim@mmlab.snu.ac.kr

Outline Introduction Existing solutions for ad hoc New direction of networking Listen First Broadcast Later (LFBL) Conclusion

Introduction Design of current Internet protocol stack has a limit to adjust Mandating that packet delivery is governed by the destination IP address Reasons Mobile network is infrastructural-free Internet protocols are generally built with infrastructure support in mind Node mobility introduces a high degree of dynamics in node interconnectivity

Existing solutions for ad hoc Existing routing protocols for ad hoc network Proactive protocol: WRP, DSDV Reactive protocol: DSR, AODV Hybrid protocol: ZRP, HARP Sharing features of the protocols All features are not suitable for wireless channel using broadcast in nature Using node assigned its own IP address Routing based on the single best path to the given destination IP For crossing each hop, controlling the signal range Proactive Routing : 라우터에서 입력되는 패킷의 헤더에 따라 어느 출력 링크로 패킷을 보낼지에 대한 포워딩 테이블을 이미 갖추고 있는 것 (But, Wireless net.에서는 이러한 proactive routing 이 비효율 적이다.) 연결이 불안정하기 때문에 지속적으로 유지되는 경우가 거의 없기 때문 * DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector) routing protocol : 전통적인 Bellman-Ford 라우팅 매커니즘을 기반하는 table-driven 알고리즘이다. 망내의 모든 모바일 노드는 망내의 모든 전달 가능한 목적지와 각 목적지들에서의 홉 수가 기록되는 라우팅 테이블을 유지한다. - Reactive Routing : 패킷을 전송할 때마다 라우팅을 하고, 패킷을 전송하는 작업을 반복 * AODV (Adhoc On-Demand Distance Vector) routing protocol : DSDV 알고리즘을 기본으로 On-demand 방식에 따라 경로를 생성하여 일반적으로 요구되는 broadcast 수를 최소화 한다. 즉, DSDV의 개선된 형태의 protocol 이라고 볼 수 있다. * DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) protocol : Routing source를 기반으로 하는 On-demand 방식의 라우팅 프로토콜이다. 모바일 노드들은 노드가 알고 있는 소스 경로들을 포함한 경로 캐쉬를 유지한다.

Failings of the current approaches Assigning IP addresses to moving nodes is difficult Hard to cover increasing number of mobile device through limited IP Not available to fix the location and use aggregation Considering Inherent trade-off between the accurary of routing and overhead to keep consistent is needed Hard to decide which node will be the receiver 하지만 이러한 방식들에는 한계점이 있으며, 우선 IP Address 기반이라는 점에서 오는 움직이는 노드에 기존의 infra based 방식의 주소인 IP를 할당한다는 것과 제한된 IP 주소의 한계점 그리고 Dest IP 에 대한 Single path 가 정해진다는 점에서 움직이는 mobile node를 전달할 때 발생하는 accuracy of routing 과 그로인한 overhead 의 tradeoff 마지막으로 high mobility 로 인한 수신자의 문제가 있습니다.

Other solutions for ad hoc network Opportunistic routing ExOR and MORE Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) Differences between DTN and NDN Using unique name that are used directly for delivery Automatically embracing ad-hoc networking and delay tolerant networking without adding functional modules - 그래서 dynamic 한 node 들을 routing 하기 위해 무선 네트워크의 특성을 고려하여 패킷을 수신한 일부 노드만 일정한 순서에 따라 라우팅을 시도하는 기회주의적인 라우팅 기법을 이용하기도 하였으며, (ExOR) (IP-Routing-Based 이외에도 Opportunistic routing 인 ExOR 과 MORE 라는 routing 방식이 나왔습니다. ) 기존에 행성간 통신 목적으로 고안 되었던 DTN 또한 이러한 high mobility를 극복하기 위한 대안으로서 나왔습니다. 하지만 이러한 방식들은 NDN에 비교해 볼 때,

New direction for mobile networking Named Data Networking (NDN) How to communicate using the 3-way exchange 1. Announcing the content name Contents Contents ~/Alice (routing 방식 설명) 특히 중요한 점은 Content name을 바탕으로 하기 때문에 Node 가 다른 곳으로 움직이더라도, Name 자체는 변하지 않기에 name based address 는 영향이 크지 않다는 점 입니다. 2. Sending out ‘Interest’ packets

Benefits of NDN Changing the communication semantics from “where” to “what” Data name carried on the node do not necessary change Better than both landmark-based and geo-based routing solutions for ad hoc Facilitating the security development in the architecture End-to-end cryptographic signatures and encryption helps to make the data security better 이러한 contents 기반의 NDN 방식은 기존의 IP address 기반 방식에 비해 Naming 이 장소의 영향을 받지 않으며,

NDN for Ad hoc networking Simplifying the implementation Node can use application data name directly Interest packets can be forwarded along multiple paths towards potential data location Routing loop would not be caused, because PIT (Pending Interest Table) keeps track of interest Addressing and caching fragments of application data Available to accept the subsequent request for the same file or a request for the retransmission 그리고 앞에서의 NDN의 장점이 이것은 다음과 같은 이유에서 NDN을 실제 Ad hoc networking에 적용할 때 많은 도움을 준다. 1. 2.

Listen First, Broadcast Later (LFBL) New forwarding protocol for wireless ad hoc networks Using variation of NDN`s 3-way exchange The process of routing using LFBL 1. Name prefix announcement Intermidiate nodes At Intermediate nodes, the responsibility for forwarding decisions is placed squarely in the hands of the receiver, rather than the sender. >> After receiving a packet, a potential forwarder pauses to listen to the channel, waiting to see if a more optimal node forwards the packet first. Otherwise, it forwards the packet itself. >> ! Why this protocol calls LFBL is that ! 3. Data return Listen First Broadcast Later 2. Interest forwarding as a response

Evaluation of LFBL To validate the performance of LFBL, comparing it with AODV on dynamic environment Using four different metrics: RTT, Overhead, Delivery rate, Total data transferred Result of the evaluation LFBL delivers nearly 5times more data compared to AODV

Evaluation of LFBL Characteristic results for LFBL vs. AODV in detail 802.11 CSMA / CA

Conclusion Current routing solution for ad hoc networking has a pitfall in dealing with dynamic environment Requiring the full or partial network topology for the computation of best routes LFBL is a new forwarding protocol for the highly dynamic networks

Backup slides Types of existing routing protocols for ad hoc network in detail Proactive protocol: WRP(Wireless Routing Protocol), DSDV(Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Routing) Reactive protocol: DSR(Dynamic Source Routing), AODV(Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing) Hybrid protocol: ZRP(Zone Routing Protocol), HARP(Hybrid Ad hoc Routing Protocol) - 각 라우터에 패킷이 도착할 때 라우터는 패킷의 헤더를 분석한다. 이미 라우터에는 라우팅 알고리즘에 의해 입력되는 패킷의 헤더에 따라 어느 출력 링크로 패킷을 보낼지에 대한 포워딩 테이블을 갖추고 있다. 이러한 라우팅을 Proactive Routing이라고 한다. - 하지만 무선 네트워크에서는 이러한 Proactive Routing이 불가능하다. 그 이유는 연결이 불안정하기 때문에 지속적으로 유지되는 경우가 거의 없기 때문이다. 따라서 패킷을 전송할 때마다 1) 라우팅을 하고 2) 패킷을 전송하는 작업을 반복한다 (Reactive Routing).