MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT RELATIONSHIP: IOM’s approach IOM Migration & Development MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT RELATIONSHIP: IOM’s approach Migration and human mobility provide a lifeline for more than 1 billion people today; migration is the oldest poverty reduction strategy and is essential in today’s globalized world. In 2013, a staggering USD 414 billion were sent by migrants to their families and communities in developing countries, dwarfing official development assistance and comparable to levels of foreign direct investment. The resources have been documented to be put to concrete development ends; they food on the table, provided access to health care and education. Moreover, migrants bring critical skills, innovation and a willingness to work hard and contribute to their host societies. We need to refute the dated notion that migration is merely the result of development failure. In the words of the UN Secretary General in a recent report migration is among the “transformative” issues for post-2015 UN Development Agenda. At the same time, however, too often migrants’ drive and innovation are squandered by exploitation, discrimination, deskilling, exorbitant recruitment costs and remittance fees and more. Also, much migration is forced, within and across borders, as a result of conflict, rights abuses and natural disasters.

IOM Migration & Development The migration–development nexus Migration and development are highly interdependent processes. Migration cannot be a substitute for development, and development is not necessarily dependent on migration. However, each of these two processes can profoundly influence the other

Migration and development theory Modernisation theory Dependency theory Human Development Modernisation theory: Development is a linear, irreversible, progressive process by which societies move from ‘tradition’ towards ‘modernization’ Migration can contribute to development in developing countries through financial remittances and transfers of knowledge and technology. More development → less migration. Dependency theory: Underdevelopment: anchored in an unequal division of labour and unfair international trade practices imposed by dominant countries; Migration aggravates structural inequalities through the transfer of cheap labour and highly qualified professionals (‘brain drain’) from developing to developed countries. Loss of human capital is not compensated by remittances, use of remittances geared towards consumption rather than productive investment. More migration → less development

Human development approach IOM Migration & Development Human development approach 1990s: UNDP first Human Development Report (1990) introduced concept of human development “development of the people for the people by the people” (UNDP, 1993: 3). The process of enlarging people’s choices. Income / economic growth = means, not the end, of development. No direct link between income growth and human well-being; Human beings = means and the ends of development, agents of development - emphasis on self-reliance The concept of human development was first laid out by Amartya Sen, a 1998 Nobel laureate, and expanded upon by others. Development concerns expanding the choices people have, to lead lives that they value, and improving the human condition so that people have the chance to lead full lives. Thus, human development is about much more than economic growth, which is only a means of enlarging people’s choices. Fundamental to enlarging these choices is building human capabilities—the range of things that people can do or be in life.

Human Development “Human development is the expansion of people’s freedoms to live long, healthy and creative lives; to advance other goals they have reason to value; and to engage actively in shaping development equitably and sustainably on a shared planet. People are both the beneficiaries and the drivers of human development, as individuals and in groups.” UNDP – Human Development Report (2010)

Migration and human development IOM Migration & Development Migration and human development People’s ability to choose the place they call home = human freedom. Migration = expression of that freedom. People’s (voluntary) decision and ability to move (or not) across borders (and within a nation) = expression of human development, as: People need freedoms and resources (social, economic, human, cultural) to move. Mobility can enable people to increase their capabilities and freedoms and gain access to other resources, but may also occur under serious constraints.

IOM Migration & Development Levels of Analysis Migration and development are interrelated at different levels. At the macro-level, for instance, processes such as globalisation, urbanisation, greater interconnectivity, influence people’s ability and aspirations to move. Migration regulations, the socio economic conditions and historical relations between countries of origin and destination also shape also the direction, the nature, the size and the effects of migration. At the “meso-level”, migration affects and is affected by social relations and institutions, such as the dynamics of households, social networks, or labour markets. At the micro-level, migrants’ well-being may be enhanced or diminished through mobility depending on: -the causes, the nature (voluntary/involuntary) and pattern of migration (permanent, temporary, circular) -the socioeconomic characteristics of migrants (age, family status, class, gender, nationality, ethnicity, migratory status, etc.); -Migrant’s access to social capital and their engagement (or not) in transnational relations and transactions (social networks) - The constraints and opportunities available to migrants in origin and host countries and the positions they occupy in these contexts.

Enhancing migration’s positive impacts on development IOM Migration & Development Enhancing migration’s positive impacts on development Bilateral & Multilateral agreements. All l stakeholders engaged in M&D build a coherent & synergized approach Migrants have the choice to get involved or not in development processes Support migrant integration and protect migrants’ rights Opportunities for lower and higher skilled migrants Safe Migration Migrants’ Rights Internal & International Cooperation Enabling context & freedoms How to enhance migration’s positive impacts on development?   1. Create safe avenues for migration, for lower and highly skilled workers, with prospects for long-term stay and family reunification; 2. Ensure the protection of migrants’ rights, and migrants’ integration in receiving societies; 3. Consider migration as one dimension of development planning; 4. Foster internal and international cooperation and coherence through dialogue and consultation with all stakeholders concerned, through bilateral or multilateral agreements and committing to the principles of relevant international conventions. 5. Improve the outcomes of migration by reducing its socioeconomic costs through facilitated and ethical recruitment, information dissemination, retraining and counselling; 6. Create enabling environments for migrants to increase their capabilities and freedoms before, during and after migrating; 7. Finally, viewing migration from a human development angle means that the link between enabling development contexts and positive migration impacts should neither be taken for granted, nor come from external demands. Mobility is a freedom in itself; it may or may not be instrumentalized for development. In line with the capabilities approach, the choice to get involved or not in development processes lies with migrants.

IOM Migration & Development Migration Resources Social Cultural Human Economic Social resources are represented by social relationships. Cultural resources comprise the linguistic, cultural, ideological and religious background that migrants bring, as well as the development of new facets of their identities. Human resources, which both lower- and highly skilled migrants contribute through their labour. Economic resources are represented by remittances, savings and certain forms of transnational trade and investment

Areas of focus for IOM enabling, engaging and empowering transnational communities as agents for development (includes remittances and skills transfer) mainstreaming migration into national and local development planning supporting community development in both countries of origin and return Diaspora or transnational communities are migrants or descendants of migrants, and whose identity and sense of belonging, either real or symbolic, have been shaped by their migration experience and background. IOM also refers to diaspora as transnational communities, because in a world of unprecedented global mobility, they comprise people who are connected to more than one country. 2) the process of assessing the implications of migration on any action (or goals) planned in a development and poverty reduction strategy. This means mainstreaming M&D concerns into legislation, policies and programmes at all levels (local, national and, if applicable, regional). Currently with the support of Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, in partnership with UNDP, IOM is contributing to formulation of migration-related national strategies, to mainstream migration as a cross-cutting issue in national development plans and the work of the UNCTs/UNDAF, and to mainstream migration in sectoral policies of Bangladesh, Jamaica, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Moldova, Morocco, Serbia, Tunisia. 3) addressing the root causes of economically-motivated migration by enhancing the ability of governments and other key actors to focus development actions more strategically on country of origin migration dynamics. It focuses on expanding economic opportunities and improving social services and community infrastructure in specific geographic areas prone to economically-induced outward migration, or in need of development to absorb and sustain the return of migrants to that region. Example: Morocco, Enhanced Opportunities for Moroccan Youth project: young people unable to find work are at risk of radicalisation or choosing an irregular migration path. The project will focus on life-skills development, education support, job skills training, school reinsertion, employment activties). In Azerbaijan, IOM works on rehabilitating traditional irrigation systems in communities facing chronic water shortages and impoverishment as a result.

IOM 3 E Diaspora Strategy Engaging Enabling Empowering ENGAGING: IOM regularly maps and surveys diaspora communities to assess their socioeconomic profile and their willingness to contribute to the development of their countries of origin, and to improve the understanding of communication pathways within diaspora communities. Example: Ghana, Linking the Ghanaian Diaspora to the Development of Ghana: profiling, dialogue between diaspora and the gov; national Diaspora Support Unit, diaspora database and website Outreach can often take place in countries of origin through bodies that connect with returning members of transnational communities, including investors, skilled professionals or academics. In countries where diaspora members reside, outreach often requires countries of origin to establish and strengthen their embassies and consulates, including training labour attachés, whose portfolios now increasingly include service provision to these communities. Example: Haiti, Capacity Building of Haitian Liaison Officers (to interact with their communities abroad, to create social networks, and facilitate exchanges resulting in economic investments) IOM and the Migration Policy Institute have developed a handbook, Developing a Road Map for Engaging Diasporas in Development: A Handbook for Policymakers and Practitioners in Home and Host Countries. that presents a menu of viable policy and programme options for engaging with the diaspora based on actual experiences from around the world. 2. ENABLING is about integration: access to healthcare, protection from exploitation (ethical recruitment), social inclusion, combating xenophobia 3. EMPOWERING: facilitate trade and investment between communities abroad and the countries from which they originate, targeting investment in local projects with a positive socioeconomic impact. Example: Morocco: IOM is currently piloting an innovative project that establishes public-private partnerships between Moroccan authorities and financial institutions that facilitate direct investment by potential entrepreneurs among the Moroccan community in Belgium. Financial literacy training and the dissemination of information on remittance services and costs serve to heighten awareness of the various financial services and products available to remittance senders, and to provide options for the productive use of remittances. Example: Burundi: with the Universal Postal Union (UPU), the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the national postal operator of Burundi (RNP), reduction on remittance costs, financial education, and access to financial products such as savings or insurance) Transfer of knowledge through physical or virtual return (Temporary Return of Qualified Nationals from the Netherlands) This project aims to assist with the temporary placement of qualified nationals in key positions in several countries of origin: Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ethiopia, Georgia, Sierra Leone and Sudan. Sectors of focus: health, education, justice, and supporting the entrepreneurial potential of both local and transnational communities.

Post-2015 Sustainable Development Agenda Target: “facilitating orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies.” Sustainable Development Goal 10 on reducing inequality within and among countries The text at the centre of this historical agreement establishing a new sustainable development agenda, which includes a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), was adopted on 2 August in New York.  The political declaration of the Summit Outcome Document, entitled “Transforming our world – the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,” recognizes the “positive contribution of migrants for inclusive growth,” while noting the “multi-dimensional reality” of migration. United Nations Summit to adopt the post-2015 development agenda tomorrow, and in the next few days in New York. Other migration-related targets call for eradicating forced labour and human trafficking; securing a safe working environment, including for migrant workers; reducing the cost of migrant remittances; and significantly reducing the number of people affected by disasters. In this regard, IOM and the Economist Intelligence Unit are developing an International Migration Policy Index to assess the progress made on SDG target 10.7 on well managed migration policies.

Thank you for your attention IOM Migration & Development Thank you for your attention