Vocabulary Review Ch 8 – Cell Reproduction

Structures in a eukaryotic cell’s nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein Chromosome

Type of protein molecule found in the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells, but not prokaryotic cells Histone

One of the two strands of a chromosome that become visible during meiosis or mitosis Chromatid

The region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis Centromere

The material that makes up both mitotic and interphase chromosomes; a complex of proteins and DNA strands that are loosely coiled such that translation and transcription can occur Chromatin

One of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual Sex Chromosome

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome Autosome

Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure, and that pair during meiosis Homologous Chromosome

A graphical display that shows an individual’s chromosomes arranged in homologus pairs and in order of diminishing size Karyotype

A cell that contains two haploid sets of chromosomes Diploid

Describes a cell, nucleus, or organism that has only one set of unpaired chromosomes Haploid

A form of asexual reproduction in single- celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size Binary Fission

A process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes Mitosis

Reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes and in which a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent Asexual Reproduction

Process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in production of sex cells Meiosis

A haploid reproductive cell that unites with another haploid reproductive cell to form a zygote Gamete

Period between two mitotic or meiotic divisions during which the cell grows, copies its DNA, and synthesizes proteins Interphase

Division of the cytoplasm of a cell; follows the division of the cell’s nucleus by mitosis or meiosis Cytokinesis

First stage of mitosis and meiosis in cell division; characterized by the condensation of the chromosomes and the dissolution of the nuclear envelope Prophase

One of the microtubules that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell; assists in the movement of chromosomes Spindle fiber

One of the stages of mitosis and meiosis, during which all of the chromosomes move to the cell’s equator Metaphase

Phase of mitosis and meiosis in which the chromosomes separate Anaphase

Final stage of mitosis or meiosis, during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes Telophase

The precursor of a new plant cell wall that forms during cell division and divides a cell into two Cell plate

The pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis Synapsis

The four chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes that come together as a result of synapsis during meiosis Tetrad

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis; can result in genetic recombination Crossing-over

The regrouping of genes in an offspring that results in a genetic makeup that is different from that of the parents Genetic Recombination

The random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes Independent assortment

The process by which male gametes form Spermatogenesis

The production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum Oogenesis

A short-lived product of the formation of gametes by meiosis Polar body

Reproduction in which gametes from two parents unite Sexual reproduction