Nervous Systems. Functions: 1. Sensory input 2. Integration 3. Motor output Nervous Systems.

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Presentation transcript:

Nervous Systems

Functions: 1. Sensory input 2. Integration 3. Motor output Nervous Systems

Functions: 1. Sensory input 2. Integration 3. Motor output Nervous Systems Components: 1. Peripheral 2. Central 3. Peripheral.

Nervous Systems

Simple neural circuit (reflex arc) Nervous Systems

More complex neural circuit Nervous Systems

More complex neural circuit Nervous Systems

Vocabulary: PNS CNS effector cells axon dendrite myelin sheath Schwann cell Nervous Systems synapse reflex arc interneuron ganglion glia astrocyte oligodendrocyte blood-brain barrier.

Nerve Signals

dendrite axon

Nerve Signals axon

Nerve Signals axon

Nerve Signals axon

Nerve Signals

The same neurotransmitter can produce different effects on different cells. Neurotransmitters can be fast and local or slow and diffuse.

Nerve Signals Acetylcholine Epinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine Serotonin Endorphins Nitric oxide (gas).

Nerve Signals Vocabulary: membrane potential resting potential threshold potential action potential chemically-gated ion channels voltage-gated ion channels synaptic cleft.

Nerve Signals Vocabulary: hyperpolarization depolarization refractory period saltatory conduction EPSP IPSP summation.

Cephalization

Vertebrate Nervous Systems

Cerebrospinal fluid

Vertebrate Nervous Systems

Peripheral nervous system Sensory (afferent) division Sensing external environment Sensing internal environment Motor (efferent) division Autonomic nervous system Somatic nervous system Parasympathetic division Sympathetic division

Parasympathetic: Constrict pupils Stimulate saliva Slow heart Constrict bronchi Stimulate digestion Promote urination Promote erection Sympathetic: Dilate pupils Inhibit saliva Relax bronchi Accelerate heart Inhibit digestion Stimulate glucose release from liver Stimulate adrenalin Inhibit urination Promote orgasm.

Vertebrate Nervous Systems Medulla oblongata and pons attention alertness appetite motivation.

Vertebrate Nervous Systems Midbrain integration of sensory input.

Vertebrate Nervous Systems Reticular formation reticular activating system (RAS) sleep and wakefulness.

Vertebrate Nervous Systems Cerebellum coordination and error checking learning motor tasks.

Vertebrate Nervous Systems Thalamus main input and output center for sensory and motor signals.

Vertebrate Nervous Systems Hypothalamus circadian rhythms (biological clock).

Vertebrate Nervous Systems Cerebrum basal nuclei – planning and learning movement sequences neocortex – cognition corpus callosum – communication between hemispheres limbic system (hippocampus) – emotions.

Vertebrate Nervous Systems Vocabulary: gray matter white matter afferent efferent autonomic somatic parasympathetic sympathetic medulla oblongata pons midbrain reticular formation ras cerebellum thalamus hypothalamus cerebrum.

Vertebrate Nervous Systems Vocabulary: Basal nuclei neocortex corpus callosum hippocampus limbic system.

Memory

Short-term memory Held in the frontal lobes Released when no longer needed Involves rapid changes in strength of existing nerve connections.

Memory Long-term memory Involves hippocampus Enhanced by rehearsal, emotional states, and previous experience Nerve cells actually grow new connections Long-term depression or potentiation of synaptic connections.

Memory Long-term memory Difficulty of unlearning motor tasks Dreaming PTSD and state-specific memory..