Animal Development Chapter 47
Slide 2 of 13 Post-fertilization After fertilization, embryology occurs Embryology is the development of the zygote Focus on the development of mammalian embryos
Slide 3 of 13 Acrosomal Reaction – the acrosome on the sperm secretes hydrolytic enzymes to digest the egg’s jelly coat. Acrosomal process – actin filaments that protrude from acrosome & binds to membrane receptors on the egg
Slide 4 of 13 Notes on Fertilization After the acrosomal process binds to membrane receptors, the sperm & egg membranes fuse Depolarization of the egg membrane occurs preventing other sperm from binding to the egg Depolarization is due to ion channels opening in the egg membrane, so Na + ions flow into the egg Depolarization prevents Polyspermy – more than 1 sperm binding to an egg Is polyspermy bad?
Slide 5 of 13 Notes on Fertilization (page 2) Cortical reaction Fusion of gametes results in release of Ca 2+ ions from the ER into the space between the jelly coat and plasma membrane Swelling of the perivitelline space Hardening of the vitelline layer Removal of sperm-binding receptors on egg membrane Collectively the above are called the fertilization envelope Ca 2+ ion release also causes activation of the egg/zygote to undergo an ontogenic process
Slide 6 of 13 Ectoderm – Skin, teeth, Nervous system Mesoderm – Skeletal, Muscular, Circulatory, Reproductive Systems (Blood, bones, and muscles) Endoderm – Epithelial linings of the digestive, respiratory, & excretory tract. Liver & Pancreas as well
Slide 7 of 13 Continuing Development Organogenesis Development of the 3 germ layers into rudimentary organs Notochord – rigid dorsal rod (cartilage or bone) Develops from mesoderm Neural plate – will become brain & spinal cord Develops from ectoderm Neurulation Process of forming dorsal hollow nerve chord
Slide 8 of 13
Slide 9 of 13
Slide 10 of 13 Blastocyst – mammalian version of blastula Inner cell mass – group of cells that develops into the embryo Source of embryonic stem cell lines Trophpblast – outer epithelium of the blastocyst, becomes the fetal portion of placenta
Slide 11 of 13 Pattern of Development Development is governed by a combination of cytoplasmic determinants & inductive cell signals Cytoplasmic determinants Chemical signals such as mRNA & transcription factors that were distributed unevenly during cleavage Induction Interaction among cells that influence their fate Causes changes in gene expression among cells
Slide 12 of 13 Totipotent Cells Cells that are capable of developing into ANY possible cell type As long as it possesses the requisite genetics, it can become muscular, nervous, epithelial, etc. If you have a totipotent cell, you can literally grow another organism, and you can grow as many as you would like Totipotent cells exist until the 16-cell stage of cleavage After that, they are pluripotent – can become any of the 3 germ layers, but cannot develop into a new being
Slide 13 of 13 iPS Cells iPS – Induced pluripotent stem cells Take an adult (fully differentiated) cell, modify the signaling being received, thus altering the genetic expression of certain “induction” genes Future of medicine?