1. Chapter 47 Animal Development Ms. Klinkhachorn Saturday April 30, 2011 AP Biology

2. General Steps Fertilization Cleavage Gastrulation Organogenesis

3. Fertilization Fertilization brings the haploid nuclei of sperm and egg together, forming a diploid zygote The sperm’s contact with the egg’s surface initiates metabolic reactions in the egg that trigger the onset of embryonic development

4. The Acrosomal Reaction The acrosomal reaction is triggered when the sperm meets the egg The acrosome at the tip of the sperm releases hydrolytic enzymes that digest material surrounding the egg

5. Sperm Structure

6. Fig. 47-3-1 Basal body (centriole) Sperm head Sperm-binding receptors Acrosome Jelly coat Vitelline layer Egg plasma membrane

7. Fig. 47-3-2 Basal body (centriole) Sperm head Sperm-binding receptors Acrosome Jelly coat Vitelline layer Egg plasma membrane Hydrolytic enzymes

8. Fig. 47-3-3 Basal body (centriole) Sperm head Sperm-binding receptors Acrosome Jelly coat Vitelline layer Egg plasma membrane Hydrolytic enzymes Acrosomal process Actin filament Sperm nucleus

9. Fig. 47-3-4 Basal body (centriole) Sperm head Sperm-binding receptors Acrosome Jelly coat Vitelline layer Egg plasma membrane Hydrolytic enzymes Acrosomal process Actin filament Sperm nucleus Sperm plasma membrane Fused plasma membranes

10. Fig. 47-3-5 Basal body (centriole) Sperm head Sperm-binding receptors Acrosome Jelly coat Vitelline layer Egg plasma membrane Hydrolytic enzymes Acrosomal process Actin filament Sperm nucleus Sperm plasma membrane Fused plasma membranes Fertilization envelope Cortical granule Perivitelline space EGG CYTOPLASM

11. Gamete contact and/or fusion depolarizes the egg cell membrane and sets up a fast block to polyspermy

12. The Cortical Reaction Fusion of egg and sperm also initiates the cortical reaction This reaction induces a rise in Ca 2+ that stimulates cortical granules to release their contents outside the egg These changes cause formation of a fertilization envelope that functions as a slow block to polyspermy

13. Fig. 47-4 EXPERIMENT 10 sec after fertilization 1 sec before fertilization RESULTS CONCLUSION 25 sec35 sec1 min 500 µm 10 sec after fertilization 20 sec30 sec 500 µm Point of sperm nucleus entry Spreading wave of Ca 2+ Fertilization envelope

14. Fig. 47-4a EXPERIMENT 10 sec after fertilization 25 sec35 sec1 min 500 µm

15. Fig. 47-4b 1 sec before fertilization RESULTS 10 sec after fertilization 20 sec30 sec 500 µm

16. Fig. 47-4c CONCLUSION Point of sperm nucleus entry Spreading wave of Ca 2+ Fertilization envelope

17. Cleavage Fertilization is followed by cleavage, a period of rapid cell division without growth Cleavage partitions the cytoplasm of one large cell into many smaller cells called blastomeres The blastula is a ball of cells with a fluid-filled cavity called a blastocoel

18. Fig. 47-6 (a) Fertilized egg(b) Four-cell stage(c) Early blastula(d) Later blastula

19. Fig. 47-6a (a) Fertilized egg

20. Fig. 47-6b (b) Four-cell stage

21. Fig. 47-6c (c) Early blastula

22. Fig. 47-6d (d) Later blastula

23. Gastrulation Gastrulation rearranges the cells of a blastula into a three-layered embryo, called a gastrula, which has a primitive gut The three layers produced by gastrulation are called embryonic germ layers – The ectoderm forms the outer layer – The endoderm lines the digestive tract – The mesoderm partly fills the space between the endoderm and ectoderm