Section 3 Remote sensing of global change 5. Carbon cycle Global Change Instructor: Dr. Cheng-Chien LiuCheng-Chien Liu Department of Earth Sciences National Cheng Kung University Office: Building of Earth Sciences, room Voice: ext Office hours: Monday 14:00 – 17:00, Wednesday 9:00 – 12:00 URL: Last updated: 4 May 2004

5.1 Introduction  Life on Earth  carbon and water  Questions of the carbon cycle Where does it go? How does it get there? What keeps the cycle moving? What’s the future of life on Earth in a post-industrial age?  NASA’s step  SeaWiFS A short video: cycle of life ackage.mov ackage.mov

5.2 The colors of life  Color of reflected light  photosynthesis  utilization of carbon Land  Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) over the past 20 years Ocean  elusive SeaWiFS A short video: colorful shadows: inferring carbon's cycle /waterplanet.mov /waterplanet.mov

5.3 The carbon cycle  Observations The carbon record  historic atmospheric carbon dioxide levels (Fig )  Ice core (Fig )  no significant change for thousands of years  Field station (Mauna Loa, Hawaii) (Fig )  since 1958, once per hour  annual cycle  significant increase  16.6%  from 1959 – 1999  The largest annual increase 2.9 ppmv (1997 – 1998)

Fig Fig Source:

Fig Fig The average levels of atmospheric carbon going back roughly a thousand years measured from ice core samples collected in Antarctica Source:

Fig Fig The average levels of atmospheric carbon measured from a field station near the Mauna Loa caldera in Hawaii since 1958 Source:

5.3 The carbon cycle (cont.)  Carbon and the land – the fast cycle Defoliation  Carbon sequestration – carbon being taken in from the surrounding world and literally trapper for a period of time by the very body that it enables to grow Decomposition  Plant die  decompose  carbon is back to the environment Fire A short video rbon_cycle_land.mov rbon_cycle_land.mov

5.3 The carbon cycle (cont.)  Carbon and the ocean – the slow cycle Phytoplankton Bloom  Light + nutrient  photosynthesis  absorb carbon in the atmosphere and grow  foundation of food chain  Sources of nutrient  Deep water upwelling  River outflow Marine snow A short video rbon_cycle_water.mov rbon_cycle_water.mov

5.4 Remote sensing techniques for studying carbon cycle  Sensor Ocean color  Missions Historical Satellite Ocean Color Sensors Current Satellite Ocean Color Sensors Scheduled Satellite Ocean Color Sensors

Table Table Historical Satellite Ocean Color Sensors Source: SENSORAGENCYSATELLITE OPERATING DATES SWATH (km) RESOLUTION (m) # OF BANDS SPECTRAL COVERAGE(nm) CZCS NASA (USA) Nimbus-7 (USA) 24/10/ /06/ OCTS NASDA (Japan) ADEOS (Japan) 17/08/96 - 1/07/ POLDER CNES (France) ADEOS (Japan) 17/08/96 - 1/07/ km

Table Table Current Satellite Ocean Color Sensors Source: SENSORAGENCYSATELLITE LAUNCH DATE SWATH (km) RESOLUTION (m) # OF BANDS SPECTRAL COVERAGE(nm) MOS DLR (Germany) IRS P3 (India) 21/03/ SeaWiFS NASA (USA) OrbView-2 (USA) 1/08/ OCI NEC (Japan) ROCSAT-1 (Taiwan) 27/01/ OCM ISRO (India) IRS-P4 (India) 26/05/ MODIS-Terra NASA (USA) Terra (USA) 18/12/ MISR NASA (USA) Terra (USA) 18/12/ OSMI KARI (Korea) KOMPSAT (Korea) 20/12/ MERIS ESA (Europe) ENVISAT-1 Europe) 1/03/ / MODIS-Aqua NASA (USA) Aqua (EOS-PM1) 4/05/ CMODIS CNSA (China) Shen Zhou-3 (China) March, COCTS CNSA (China) HaiYang-1 (China) 15/05/ CZI CNSA (China) HaiYang-1 (China) 15/05/ GLI NASDA (Japan) ADEOS-II (Japan) 14/12/ / POLDER-2 CNES (France) ADEOS-II (Japan) 14/12/

Table Table Scheduled Satellite Ocean Color Sensors Source: SENSORAGENCYSATELLITE SCHEDULED LAUNCH SWATH (km) RESOLUTION (m) # OF BANDS SPECTRAL COVERAGE(nm) S-GLI NASDA (Japan) ADEOS-3 (Japan) VIIRS U.S. Gov. (USA) NPP (USA)

5.4 Remote sensing techniques for studying carbon cycle (cont.)  Principle:  Measurements: /a mpghttp://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002000/a /a mpg /a mpghttp://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a000600/a /a mpg /a mpghttp://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002000/a /a mpg

5.4 Remote sensing techniques for studying carbon cycle (cont.)  Useful links: International Ocean Color Coordinate Group  Data: GSFC Earth Sciences Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC)  Ocean color  CZCS  OCTS  SeaWiFS  MODIS

5.5 Questions  What is the residence time for carbon to stay in various reservoirs?