Eukaryotic Cell Structure

Essential Question What are the functions of the major cell structures?

Cell Organization The eukaryotic cell can be divided into two major parts: the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Nucleus 1. Nucleus Control center of the cell Directs ALL cell activities Contains genetic (DNA) instruction for the cell Usually largest organelle

Nuclear Envelope 2. Nuclear Envelope Surrounds the nucleus Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Nucleus cont… 3. Chromatin 4. Nucleolus Condenses to form chromosomes Made of DNA & proteins 4. Nucleolus Makes ribosomes

Cytoplasm GEL-LIKE portion of the cell outside the nucleus Allows for movement Location for most cell organelles

Organelles “Little organs” Each organelle has unique functions Allows the cell to function properly The size & shape of a cell relates to its function

Cytoplasmic Organelles 5. Ribosome RNA particles, found throughout the cytoplasm Makes proteins Sometimes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

6. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Series of folded membranes that move material (proteins) in the cell Rough ER Surrounds the nucleus synthesis of proteins Ribosomes are found on its surface Smooth ER Synthesis of lipids No ribosomes

7. Golgi Apparatus Synthesis of proteins (proteins in the rough ER move next into the golgi apparatus) It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for storage or secretion Ships proteins to their final destination

8. Vesicles Stores and moves material between cell organelles

9. Lysosomes (animal cell) Small organelles filled with enzymes “clean up crew” Breakdown of food molecules, cell wastes and worn out cell parts so the rest of the cell can use it.

10. Vacuoles (plant cell) Large, sac-like structure that stores food, water, and waste

11. Centrioles (animal cells) Located near the nucleus Help to organize cell division  used for reproduction

12. Cytoskeleton A network of protein filaments that help the cell maintain its shape and aid in movement Comprised of 2 parts: Microfilaments and microtubules

13. Cell membrane 14. Cell wall Cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell Provides protection and support 14. Cell wall Main function is to provide support and protection Plants have both a cell membrane and a cell wall

Organelles That Capture and Release Energy All living things require a source of energy. Most cells are powered by food molecules that are built using energy from the sun. Chloroplasts and mitochondria are both involved in energy conversion processes within the cell.

15. Mitochondria (plant and animal cell) Power house of the cell Provides energy (ATP) for the cell Converts stored energy in food Contains its own DNA Fun Fact: You get your mitochondria from your MOM! What would happen if the mitochondria stopped working?

16. Chloroplasts (plant cells) Capture energy form sunlight and convert it into chemical energy This process is called photosynthesis Contains chlorophyll (green pigment) -Plants use to make their own food (sugar) Contains its own DNA What would happen if a plant had no chloroplasts?

1- Nucleus 2- Chromosomes 7- ER 3- Mitochondria 5- Chloroplasts 8- Cell Membrane 4- Ribosomes 6- Vacuoles

Plant vs. Animal Plant Animal

1. Vacuole 2. Golgi Apparatus 3. Cell wall 4. Cell membrane 5. Chloroplast 6. nucleolus 7. Rough Endoplasmic reticulum 8. nucleus 9. mitochondria

10. Vacuole 11. Lysosome 12. RER 13. Cell membrane 14. Nucleus 15. Cytoplasm 16. Nucleolus 17. Golgi Apparatus 18. Mitochondria