Karst Groundwater: Chemical vs. Thermal tracing By: Robert J Kelley

Karst review Karst- mostly limestone/dolostone Well cemented grains Conduit dominated Features: caves (wet/dry) springs, sinkholes

Tracing- an Overview The art of tracking Two main types: Chemical and Thermal (Heat)

Chemical Tracing Dye- Fluorescent Ions- Common: Ca 2+, Mg 2+, Na +, K +, NH 4 +, HCO 3 -, SO 4 -, NO 2 -, Cl -, and NO 3 -

Pros Easy visualization Convenient, readily available Chemical- measurements over time Cons Costly Labor intensive Possibly harmful

Thermal (Heat) Tracing Temperature Loggers Temperature profiles over time Mixing models

Pros measure over time, more frequent than chemical and over longer periods cost Cons results not well known easily lost

Conclusion Both have Pros and Cons. Regulation changes Used best in conjunction with each other

Works Cited Anderson, M., P., (2005), Heat as a Ground Water Tracer, Ground Water; v. 43, p Cox, M., H., Su, G., W., Constants, J., (2007), Heat, Chloride, and Specific Conductance as Ground Water Tracers near Streams; Ground Water, v. 45, p., Constanz, J., Cox, M., H., Su, G., W., (2003), Comparisons of Heat and Bromide as Ground Water Tracers Near Streams: Ground Water, v. 41, p Constanz J., (2008), Heat as a tracer to determine streambed water exchanges; Water Resources Research, v. 44, p deMarsily, G., (1986), Quantitative Hydrogeology: San Diego, California, Academic Press. Domenico, P., A., Schwartz, F., W., (1998), Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc. Dogwiler, T., Wicks, C., (2006), Thermal Variations in the Hyporheic Zone of a Karst System: International Journal of Speleology, v. 35, p Doucette, R., T., 2012, Thermal Patterns of Subsurface Flow Regimes In A Mantled Karst Aquifer NW Arkansas [M.s. thesis]: Illinois State University, 68 p. Harvey, J., W., Wagner, B., J., Bencala, K., E., (1996), Evaluating the Reliability of the Stream Tracer Approach to Characterize Stream-Subsurface Water Exchange: Water Resources Research, v. 32, p Luhmann, A., J., Covington, M., D., Peters, A., J., Alexander, S., C., Anger, C., T., Green, J., A., Runkel, A., C., Alexander Jr, E., C., (2010), Classifications of Thermal Patterns at Karst Springs and Cave Streams; Ground Water Mull, D., S., Liebermann, T., D., Smoot, J., L., Woosley, Jr. L., H., 1988, Application of Dye Tracing Techniques for Determining Solute Transport Characteristics of Ground Water in Karst Terrains: U.S. EPA. Smart, C.C., Artificial tracer techniques for the determination of the structure of conduit aquifers. Ground Water, V. 26, p