6/6/07 1 Sources of Anthropogenic Sound in the Ocean John Hildebrand Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego Capital Hill Oceans Week June 6, 2007

6/6/07 Anthropogenic Noise Sources

6/6/07 World Shipping Lanes

6/6/07 Container Ship Sound Frequency (KHz) 0 1 Time (seconds) 010

6/6/07 San Nicolas SOSUS Array – 1964 (Blue), 2004 (Red) Shipping noise has increased ~3 dB/decade Long Term Trends in Ship Noise

6/6/07 Puget Sound Vessel - Olympas Yacht with 49 passengers and 3 Engines Whale Watch Vessel Noise

6/6/07

Low Frequency Active Navy Sonar Time (seconds) 015 Frequency (Hz)

6/6/07 LFA Sound Sources

6/6/07 Navy ASW Mid-Frequency Sonar Time (seconds) 03 Frequency (Hz)

6/6/07 Global Offshore Seismic Exploration

6/6/07 Airguns and Echosounders Time (seconds) 015 Frequency (KHz) 0 15

6/6/07 (Nieukerk et al. 2004) Hydrophones (stars) in the central North Atlantic record airguns (red dots) nearly continuously in the summer months. Airgun Noise in North Atlantic

6/6/07 Monthly Average Airgun Usage AFRICA CANADA CHINA FORMER USSR EUROPE FAR EAST LATIN AMERICA MIDDLE EAST US Monthly Average Crew-Counts

6/6/07 FREQUENCY SOURCE LEVEL re: Anthropogenic Sound Source Levels

6/6/07 FREQUENCY TOTAL ENERGY (Joules) Annual Anthropogenic Sound Energy

6/6/07 Research Needs for Anthropogenic Noise Characterize Noise Source Output Determine Locations of Sources Model Propagation from Source Area Assess Long-Term Trends in Noise Characterize Overlap of Animals and Received Sound Levels Understand Impacts of Noise on Marine Animals