Endocrinology Ⅱ Pituitary Gland.

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Presentation transcript:

Endocrinology Ⅱ Pituitary Gland

Thyroid gland

Thyroid gland The thyroid hormones Synthesis and secretion: epithelioid cells Storage: in colloid ,a large glycoprotein (thyroglobulin).

The thyroid hormones Triiodothyronine

The thyroid hormones : 1mg/week : combine with iodine iodide ['aiəudaid] iodine ['aityrosine ['tairəsi:n, Tyr 酪氨酸残基 : combine with iodine

The thyroid hormones iodide [‘aiəudaid] peroxidase oxidize I0：nascent iodine Iodination 碘化

The thyroid hormones

The thyroid hormones When the synthesis of TH ceases, Physiologic effects of deficiency are not observed for 2-3 months hypophysectomy [hai,pɔfi'sektəmi]垂体切除术 lysosome

The thyroid hormones (TH)

The thyroid hormones Tadpole metamorphic

The thyroid hormones (TH) Cretinism TH stimulation formation of dendrites, axons, myelin and neuroglia Deficiency in iodine in fetus : TH↓→ Cretinism Treatment : supplement the TH within three months after birth Cretinism 呆小病 myelin cretinism ['kri:ti,nizəm] neuroglia [英] [nju rɔɡliə ]

The thyroid hormones (TH)

The thyroid hormones (TH) glycolysis [ɡlai'kɔlisis] 糖酵解 gluconeogenesis 糖异生 glycogenolysis 糖原分解

The thyroid hormones (TH) mobilization [,məubilai'zeiʃən,动员

The thyroid hormones (TH) Nonpittin myxedemamyxedema [,miksə'di:mə] Nonpitting edema Lengthy sleep

The thyroid hormones (TH)

The thyroid hormones (TH) :TH↓→constipation constipation 便秘 Increase the appetite

Hyperthyroidism Major clinical signs ：include weight loss (often accompanied by an increased appetite),anxiety, intolerance to heat, hair loss, muscle aches, weakness, fatigue, hyperactivity, irritability goiter

The thyroid hormones (TH) Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion Hypothalamic Pituitary Thyroid Axis Autoregulation

Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion Hypothalamic Pituitary Thyroid Axis Cold, etc. - TRH hypothalamus - Proteolysis Tripeptide amide Anterior pituitary TSH Thyroid gland T3,T4 Target cell

Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion Mechanism of goiter Iodine↓→T3,T4↓→ TSH↑ (negative feedback) → T3,T4 ↑and thyroid cells ↑ →goiter goiter甲状腺肿 marasmus [mə'ræzməs] 消瘦

The thyroid hormones (TH)

Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion Auto regulation Wolff-chaikoff effect Without control of TSH, the thyroid gland can adapt itself function to iodide uptake Iodide concentration: 10mmol/L , no uptake of iodide

Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion Effect of Autonomic Nervous System on Thyroid Activity Sympathetic nerve: formation of TH↑ Para sympathetic nerve: formation of TH↓

Abnormality of thyroid gland Hypothyroidism Cretinism: extreme hypothyroidism during fetal life, infancy, or childhood Goiter Myxedema: bagginess under the eyes and swelling of the face develop atherosclerosis Sleeping up to 12 to 14 hours a day, extreme muscular sluggishness heart rate↓ cardiac output↓ blood volume↓ Body Weight↑ Constipation mental sluggishness

Abnormality of thyroid gland Hyperthyroidism high state of excitability intolerance to heat increased sweating mild to extreme weight loss varying degrees of diarrhea muscle weakness nervousness or other psychic disorders Extreme fatigue but inability to sleep tremor of the hands

Summary thyroid hormones Function Abnormality regulation