CHAPTER 16: WORLD WAR II 1 CHAPTER 17

ISOLATIONISM International conflicts in mid 1930s Most Americans do not want to be involved 1928 – U.S. had signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact -> signed by 62 nations -> war will not be used -> no plan to enforce it Thomas Jefferson had warned of “entangling alliances” or being involved in the affairs of other countries Many Americans were fearful of all foreign elements Jews Catholics immigrants 2 CHAPTER 17

AMERICANS WERE UPSET ABOUT WWI Books are published stating the U.S. had been dragged into war by greedy bankers and weapons manufacturers Congressional committee led by Senator Gerald Nye -> shows large profits made during WWI 3 CHAPTER 17

QUESTION What factors contributed to Americans’ growing isolationism? 4 CHAPTER 17

ANSWER Large profits had been made by banks and weapon industry during WWI Bitter about being in that war Hatred of the military 5 CHAPTER 17

FDR’S FOREIGN POLICY 1933 – FDR is a friendly president Recognizes the Soviet Union in 1933 and exchanges ambassadors Good Neighbor Policy – no intervention in Latin America Withdrew armed forces in L. America 1934 – reduces tariffs 1935 – Congress passes the NEUTRALITY ACTS U.S. could not sell weapons or give loans to nations in war 6 CHAPTER 17

JOURNAL When do you think it is right for the U.S. to enter a war? Why? 7 CHAPTER 17

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JOURNAL Do you think the U.S. would have entered World War II if Pearl Harbor had not been attacked? Why or why not? 15 CHAPTER 17

The United States in WWII 16 CHAPTER 17

SECTION 1: MOBILIZING FOR DEFENSE Japan Times says America is “trembling in her shoes” 5 million volunteer for military service Selective Service Act provides 10 million soldiers Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) – women volunteers serve in non-combat positions Pilots, ambulance drivers, electricians 17 CHAPTER 17

WHAT ABOUT DISCRIMINATION? “Here lies a black man killed fighting a yellow man for the protection of a white man” 18 CHAPTER 17

DISCRIMINATION IN MILITARY 300,000 Mexican-Americans join the military 1 million African Americans in segregated units - > no combat until ,000 Japanese Americans 25,000 Native Americans Chinese cannot become naturalized citizens 19 CHAPTER 17

A PRODUCTION MIRACLE Factories are converted for war production Car plants now make tanks, planes, boats Henry Kaiser’s shipyards made a ship each day by CHAPTER 17

CONTRIBUTION OF THE WORKERS Men are fighting 6 million women enter the workforce No problem operating welding torches or riveting guns Paid 60% of what men earn Minorities are also not hired at first 21 CHAPTER 17

A. PHILIP RANDOLPH Most respected African American labor leader organizes a march on Washington D.C Demands: “The right to work and fight for our country.” March is cancelled after FDR issues executive order making discrimination in defense industries illegal 22 CHAPTER 17

HOW DID WWII END THE GREAT DEPRESSION? 23 CHAPTER 17

MOBILIZATION OF SCIENTISTS 1941 – FDR creates the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) -> leads to better radar + sonar, pesticides, penicillin Secret development of the atomic bomb – German scientists (Albert Einstein) split uranium atoms -> release enormous amounts of energy FDR starts intensive program to build an atomic bomb in 1942 = Manhattan Project 24 CHAPTER 17

Office of Price Administration (OPA) – freezes prices so that the price of goods does not increase drastically Higher taxes + war bonds keep inflation in check War Production Board (WPB) – decides companies that will convert to war production Rationing – families are only allowed to purchase small quantities of scarce goods (meat, sugar, coffee, gasoline) THE FEDERAL GOVT. TAKES CONTROL 25 CHAPTER 17

QUESTIONS SECTION 1 How did each of the following contribute to the war effort? 1. Selective Service Act 2. Woman 3. Minorities 4. Manufacturers 5. A. Philip Randolph 6. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) 7. Office of Price Administration (OPA) 8. War Production Board (WPB) 9. Rationing 26 CHAPTER 17

SECTION 2: THE WAR FOR EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 27 CHAPTER 17

Churchill (British PM) and FDR meet at the White House Dec. 22, > America will fight Hitler first German subs destroy American supply ships off the Atlantic coast Convoy system led by destroyers with sonar By 1943 Allies have the upper hand THE UNITED STATES AND BRITAIN JOIN FORCES 28 CHAPTER 17

THE EASTERN FRONT AND THE MEDITERRANEAN Hitler wants to destroy Stalingrad, a major Russian industrial center Soviets counterattack during the winter 1,100,000 Russian soldiers die but German troops surrender 29 CHAPTER 17

THE NORTH AFRICAN FRONT Churchill and FDR decided to attack Axis-controlled North Africa Operation Torch is led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower They defeat General Erwin Rommel and Germans surrender in N. Africa 30 CHAPTER 17

THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN Sicily is captured in 1943 Dictator Benito Mussolini is forced to resign 31 CHAPTER 17

HEROES IN COMBAT 32 CHAPTER 17

THE ALLIES LIBERATE EUROPE American General Dwight D. Eisenhower leads 3 million Allied troops into Normandy, France D-Day – June 6, 1944 General George Patton and Omar Bradley lead Allied troops in France Sept – France is liberated 33 CHAPTER 17

THE BATTLE OF THE BULGE Americans capture German town, Aachen German tanks drive 60 miles into Allied territory in Belgium – hoping to create a bulge in the Allied line Germans lose 120,000 troops and have to retreat 34 CHAPTER 17

END OF WAR IN EUROPE Soviets reach Nazi death camps in July 1944 April 1945 – Soviets storm Berlin Hitler shoots himself in his bunker A week later General Eisenhower accepts unconditional surrender of the Third Reich May 8, 1945 – V-E Day (Victory in Europe day) 35 CHAPTER 17

SECTION 3: THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC 36 CHAPTER 17

HOW DIFFERENT WOULD IT BE TO FIGHT A WAR IN JAPAN RATHER THAN IN EUROPE? 37 CHAPTER 17

THE ALLIES STOP THE JAPANESE TIDE 80,000 American and Filipino troops fight Japanese at Bataan, Philippines and Japanese win (March. 1942) 38 CHAPTER 17

April Allies bomb Tokyo Lifts American spirits Battle of Coral Sea – Japanese are stopped by Allies (Australia + U.S.) Admiral Chester Nimitz leads Allies in successfully defending island of Midway (northwest of Hawaii) Island hopping campaign begins – Allies move closer to Japan THE ALLIES STOP THE JAPANESE TIDE 39 CHAPTER 17

THE ALLIES GO ON THE OFFENSIVE 40 CHAPTER 17

THE ALLIES GO ON THE OFFENSIVE Allies take Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands Kamikazes, suicide planes, are used in Battle of Leyte Gulf (Philippines) 424 kamikaze pilots sink 16 American ships in the Philippines but still lose Allies go into island of Iwo Jima – 200 of 20,700 Japanese survive April 1945 – U.S. Marines invade island of Okinawa 7,600 Americans die 110,000 Japanese Two generals commit ritual suicide 41 CHAPTER 17

1. Why do you think this image became so important? 2. What human qualities do you think this photograph symbolizes? RAISING THE FLAG ON IWO JIMA 42 CHAPTER 17

Japan still has a large army Passionate soldiers Manhattan Project led by American J. Robert Oppenheimer Atomic bomb is tested in New Mexico (June, 1945) July 1945 – Truman orders military to make plans to drop two atomic bombs Tells Japan to surrender They do not so bombs are dropped TO INVADE OR NOT INVADE JAPAN 43 CHAPTER 17

HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI August 6, B-29 bomber (Enola Gay) drops atomic bomb (“Little Boy”) over Hiroshima August 9, 1945 – “Fat Man” is dropped on Nagasaki 200,000 die from injuries or radiation later in the year Japan formally surrenders on Sept. 2, CHAPTER 17

VIDEO CLIPS - Fort Minor play_format=4&section=archive&text=1&mediaType=video – volunteering for military service play_format=4&section=archive&text=1&mediaType=video play_format=4&section=archive&text=1&mediaType=video – racist news papers play_format=4&section=archive&text=1&mediaType=video play_format=4&section=archive&text=1&mediaType=video – farm land play_format=4&section=archive&text=1&mediaType=video play_format=4&section=archive&text=1&mediaType=video – meat and food play_format=4&section=archive&text=1&mediaType=video 45 CHAPTER 17

JOURNAL 1. Write down three new facts or ides you learned from the video clips. 2. If you were the President of the U.S. in 1942 would you have treated people of Japanese decent differently or the same? Why? 46 CHAPTER 17

SECTION 4: THE HOME FRONT 47 CHAPTER 17

Unemployment falls to a low of 1.2 percent in 1944 Average weekly pay goes up 10 percent Farmers could pay off mortgages 6 million women enter workforce – defense industries and journalism OPPORTUNITY AND ADJUSTMENT 48 CHAPTER 17

OPPORTUNITY AND ADJUSTMENT A million people move to California ( ) Over a million African Americans moved to northern cities 49 CHAPTER 17

OPPORTUNITY AND ADJUSTMENT More children in day cares and juvenile detention High school sweethearts marry before the soldiers leave 1944 – GI Bill of Rights (Servicemen’s Readjustment Act) – free education, training, loans for veterans 50 CHAPTER 17

DISCRIMINATION AND REACTION More African Americans gain skilled jobs in Midwestern cities 1942 – Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) is founded by James Farmer and stages its first sit-in a segregated Chicago restaurant Racial violence in Detroit 51 CHAPTER 17

TENSION IN LOS ANGELES CHAPTER 17 52