Survey of 3G and LTE

Agenda Introduction of Telecommunication Wireless Generation 1G / 2G/ 3G and 4G GSM Architecture Call Path Mobile to Mobile 3G Requirement LTE

Introduction of Telecommunication

What is Telecommunication ? Telecommunication means to change information into electronic signals for remote transmission and switching. Fast Deployment Saving Transmission cost. Easy and Fast Access.

Frequency The frequency of a radio wave is the number of times that the wave oscillates per second."  FM Radio : 100 MHz Approx.  Television : 300 MHz Approx.  Mobile Networks : 300 – 2000 MHz Approx. An MS Communicate with a BTS by transmitting and receiving radio waves, which consist of electromagnetic energy.

Bandwidth In electronic communication, bandwidth is the width of the range (or band) of frequencies that an electronic signal uses on a given transmission medium. In this usage, bandwidth is expressed in terms of the difference between the highest-frequency signal component and the lowest-frequency signal component. Bandwidth = Highest freq – Lowest Freq

Channels A Channel is a frequency or set of frequency which can be allocated for the transmission and reception of information. Types Of Communication Channels.

GSM Frequency Concepts

What is Multiple Access Simultaneous private use of a transmission medium by multiple independent users is called Multiple Access. Advantages Of Multiple Access Increased capacity Reduced capital requirement Decreased per user expense

FDMA, TDMA & CDMA FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) Each user on a different frequency A channel is a frequency TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) Each user on a different window period in time slot. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) Each user uses the same frequency all the time but mixed with different distinguished code patterns.

Cellular Generation

Wireless Access Evolution & Background  New Services  Efficiency  More Data Services required Broadband Subscribers Voice  Coverage  Mobility  Voice Quality  Portability  Capacity  Data Service  Broadband  Network Simplification  Cost of Ownership

1 st Generation Cellular System Widespread introduction in early 1980s. Analogue modulation. FM Frequency division multiple access. FDMA Voice traffic only. No inter-network roaming possible. Insecure air interface. Examples :  AMPS (Advance mobile Phone System, American based,800MHz)  TACS (Total Access Communications System, UK based,900MHz)  C-450 (German standard, 450MHz)  JTACS (Japanese Total Access Communications System,900MHz).

2 nd Generation Cellular System Widespread introduction in 1990s. Use digital modulation. GMSK Variety of multiple access strategies. More efficient use of radio spectrum. International roaming capability. Secure air interface. Compatibility with ISDN.

GSM STRUCTURE

GSM Architecture Overview A GSM system is made up of three subsystems:  The mobile station (MS)  The Base station subsystem (BSS)  The Network and switching subsystem (NSS) The interfaces defined between each of these sub systems include:  “A” interface between NSS and BSS  “Abis” interface between BSC and BTS (Within the BSS)  “Um” air interface between the BSS and the MS

BASIC GSM BLOCKS MSC/VLR Warid BSC

THE GSM Mobile Station (MS) The Mobile station (MS) consists of the physical equipment used by a a PLMN subscriber to connect to the network. It Comprises  Mobile Equipment (ME)  Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) The SIM stores permanent and Temporary data about the mobile, the subscriber and the network, including  International Mobile subscriber Identity (IMSI)  MSISDN number of subscriber  Authentication key and Algorithms for authentication check.

The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) The Base Station Subsystem is the system of Base station equipments (BTS and BSC), which is viewed by the MSC through a single A-interface The BSS Consist of :  One Base station Controller (BSC)  One or more Base Transceiver (BTS) The Purpose of BTS is to :  Provide radio access to the mobile stations  Manage the radio access aspects of the system

BTS Contains :  Radio Transmitter/Receiver (TRX)  Signal processing and Control equipment  Antennas and Feeder cables The BSC :  Allocates a channel for the duration of a call  Controls the power transmitted by the BTS or MS  Generates the handover to another cell when required. Base Station Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) Key Elements of NSS: Mobile switching center (MSC) with:  Visitor Location Register (VLR)  Home Location Register (HLR)  Authentication center (AuC) Equipment Identity Register (EIR) Gateway MSC (GMSC)

The Mobile Switching Center (MSC)  The Mobile services switching center is an exchange which performs all the switching and signaling functions for mobile stations located in a geographical area designated as the MSC area. Functions Of MSC:  Switching calls, controlling calls.  Interface with PSTN, ISDN  Mobility management over the radio network and other networks.  Billing information.

The Visitor Location Register (VLR) Each MSC has a VLR but a VLR may serve many MSCs. VLR Stores data temporarily for mobiles served by the MSC. Information stored includes :  IMSI  MSISDN  MSRN  TMSI  LAI  Supplementary service parameters.

Home Location Register (HLR)  HLR stores details of all subscribers in the network, such as:  Subscription information  Location information : MS roaming number, VLR, MSC.  MS ISDN number.  Service restrictions.  Supplementary services. Together with the AuC, HLR checks the validity and service profile of subscribers.

Call Path Mobile to Mobile

MSC SMSC EIR PSTN Fixed Network BSC PrePaid VMS Voic HLR OMO

MSC SMSC EIR BSC PrePaid VMS Voic HLR OMO PSTN Fixed Network

MSC SMSC EIR BSC PrePaid VMS Voic HLR OMO PSTN Fixed Network

BSC HLR MSC SMSC EIR PrePaid VMS Voic OMO PSTN Fixed Network

BSC Base Station Controller The call request reaches the BSC from the BTS and is forwarded to MSC. The call request reaches the BSC from the BTS and is forwarded to MSC. After call is established, the BSC will perform decoding of the call (in typical config.) After call is established, the BSC will perform decoding of the call (in typical config.)

BSC HLR MSC SMSC EIR PrePaid VMS Voic OMO PSTN Fixed Network

BSC HLR MSC SMSC EIR PrePaid VMS Voic OMO PSTN Fixed Network

Checks A number. Checks A number. To whom is A subscriber calling? (Checks B number) To whom is A subscriber calling? (Checks B number) Example : A subscriberhas prepaid number. Example : A subscriber has prepaid number. MSC Mobile Switching Centre

BSC HLR MSC SMSC EIR PrePaid VMS Voic OMO PSTN Fixed Network

BSC HLR MSC SMSC EIR PrePaid VMS Voic OMO PSTN Fixed Network

BSC HLR MSC SMSC EIR PrePaid VMS Voic OMO PSTN Fixed Network

Does the A subscriber have money left on his/her account? Does the A subscriber have money left on his/her account? When the call is established and on-going the subscriber’s account is decremented accordingly. When the call is established and on-going the subscriber’s account is decremented accordingly. PrePaid Node

BSC HLR MSC SMSC EIR PrePaid VMS Voic OMO PSTN Fixed Network

BSC HLR MSC SMSC EIR PrePaid VMS Voic OMO PSTN Fixed Network

BSC HLR MSC SMSC EIR PrePaid VMS Voic OMO PSTN Fixed Network

Where is the B subscriber? Where is the B subscriber? MSC interrogates in HLR. (HLR = Home Location Register) MSC interrogates in HLR. (HLR = Home Location Register) MSC Mobile Switching Centre Mobile Switching Centre

BSC HLR MSC PrePaid VMS Voic OMO PSTN Fixed Network SMSC EIR

BSC HLR MSC OMO PSTN Fixed Network PrePaid VMS Voic SMSC EIR

BSC HLR MSC OMO PSTN Fixed Network PrePaid VMS Voic SMSC EIR

HLR says ’I am the home of the B subscriber and I know where he/she is right now’ (i.e. which VLR) HLR says ’I am the home of the B subscriber and I know where he/she is right now’ (i.e. which VLR) Tells this VLR ’Give me a visitor address for this subscriber’ (Roaming Number) Tells this VLR ’Give me a visitor address for this subscriber’ (Roaming Number) HLR Home Location Register

BSC HLR MSC OMO PSTN Fixed Network PrePaid VMS Voic SMSC EIR

BSC HLR MSC OMO PSTN Fixed Network PrePaid VMS Voic SMSC EIR

BSC HLR MSC OMO PSTN Fixed Network PrePaid VMS Voic SMSC EIR

Hosting MSC/VLR returns TEMPORARILY assigned visitor/roaming address for B- subscriber to HLR. Hosting MSC/VLR returns TEMPORARILY assigned visitor/roaming address for B- subscriber to HLR. MSC Mobile Switching Centre

BSC HLR MSC OMO PSTN Fixed Network PrePaid VMS Voic SMSC EIR

BSC HLR MSC OMO PSTN Fixed Network PrePaid VMS Voic SMSC EIR

BSC HLR MSC OMO PSTN Fixed Network PrePaid VMS Voic SMSC EIR

’Thanks for the visitor address!’ ’Thanks for the visitor address!’ ’I will send this address to the MSC that requested for it.’ ’I will send this address to the MSC that requested for it.’ HLR Home Location Register

BSC HLR MSC OMO PSTN Fixed Network PrePaid VMS Voic SMSC EIR

BSC HLR MSC OMO PSTN Fixed Network PrePaid VMS Voic SMSC EIR

BSC HLR MSC OMO PSTN Fixed Network PrePaid VMS Voic SMSC EIR

BSC HLR MSC OMO PSTN Fixed Network PrePaid VMS Voic SMSC EIR

BSC now sends a PAGING MESSAGE to all the BTSs that it covers/controls. BSC now sends a PAGING MESSAGE to all the BTSs that it covers/controls. Carrys PAGING RESPONSE from called MS back to MSC. Carrys PAGING RESPONSE from called MS back to MSC. Allocates a RADIO channel through a BTS with best available and allowable SIGNAL STRENGTH for called MS. Allocates a RADIO channel through a BTS with best available and allowable SIGNAL STRENGTH for called MS. Performs SPEECH CODING when call is established. Performs SPEECH CODING when call is established. BSC Base Station Controller

BSC HLR MSC OMO PSTN Fixed Network PrePaid VMS Voic SMSC EIR

BSC HLR MSC OMO PSTN Fixed Network PrePaid VMS Voic SMSC EIR

GSM to 3G Steps

Why we need 3G? Or 3G is enough for us?

Secretes of Upgrades Maximize- ---Spectrum Efficiency FDMA/TDMA/CDMA/OFDMA Power Efficiency Battery Minimize ----Complexity ----Cost

3G Release Timeline Rel 99 Rel 4Rel 5Rel 6Rel WCDMA 2008 MSC Split HSDPAHSPA+HSUPA Rel 8 LTE

Migration Stages

3G Requirement New Services New Services Efficiency Efficiency More Data Services required More Data Services required

Steps towards 3G 1- Backbone Roll Out (Packet Network) All the backend traffic transfer on IP (Packets) /Passport/ATM/MPBN 2- Data Network 3- Core Network 4- RAN Network

1-Backbone Roll Out (Packet Network )

2-Data Network Migration

3-Core Network Migration Classic MSC (Control and Switching) Classical MSC Architecture (old name: Non-Layered Mobile Core Network/ ’Monolitic’ Architecture) TDM MSC MSC Server (Control) Mobile Media Gateway (Switching) Mobile Softswitch Solution (old name: Layered Mobile Core Network Architecture) IP/ATM/TDM Control Layer MSC-SMGwMSC-SMGw

2G Towards 3G Networks GGSN IP networks SGSN Iu Gb 2G3G BSC BTS RNC Node B HLR PCRF Gr Gi Iur Gx Only PS Domain shown Gn Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) - to manage Quality of Service (QoS) aspects

GGSN IP networks SGSN Iu CP Gb 2G3G BSC BTS RNC Node B HLR/HSS PCRF Iu UP Gr Gi Iur Gx Only PS Domain shown Gn Optimizing the 3G/HSPA payload plane for Broadband traffic HSPA (Higher Speed Packet Access) 10 Mb/s

Requirement of LTE Broadband Broadband Network Simplification Network Simplification Cost of Ownership Cost of Ownership

LTE (Long Term Evolution) LTE focus is on:  enhancement of the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)  optimisation of the UTRAN architecture With HSPA (downlink and uplink), UTRA will remain highly competitive for several years LTE project aims to ensure the continued competitiveness of the 3GPP technologies for the future

LTE Requirements (1) Reduced cost per bit  Improve spectrum efficiency ( e.g. 2-4 x Rel6)  Reduce cost of backhaul (transmission in UTRAN) Increased service provisioning – more services at lower cost with better user experience Focus on delivery of services utilising ”IP” Reduce setup time and round trip time Increase the support of QoS for the various types of services (e.g. Voice over IP) Increase “cell edge bit rate” whilst maintaining same site locations as deployed today Increase peak bit rate (e.g. above 100Mbps DL and above 50Mbps UL) Enhance the bit rate for MBMS (e.g. 1-3 Mbps) Allow for reasonable terminal power consumption

LTE Requirements (2) Flexibility of use of existing and new frequency bands Allow to deploy in wider and smaller bandwidths than 5 MHz ( e.g. ranging from 1.25 to 20MHz) Allow variable duplex technology within bands as well as between bands Non-contiguous spectrum allocations to one UE should not be precluded

LTE Architecture PDN GW Serving GW MME S1-MME S1-U LTE IP networks eNodeB SGSN Iu CP Gb 2G3G S3 BSC BTS RNC Node B HLR/HSS PCRF Iu UP S11 Gr S10 S6a SGi X2 Iur S7 Non-3GPP access S2a/b S4 PDN GW Serving GW ”Gateway” MMESGSN ”Mobility Server” PCRF HLR/HSS ”HLR/HSS” EPC eNode B RBS OSS PA/DU Core & IMS PA/DU Radio

3G- R’99 HSPA HSPA Evolution LTE / kbps3.6 Mbps21/28/42 Mbps~150 MbpsPeak rate /14 Mbps Mobile broadband speed evolution LTE Evolution Gbps Target

ABBREVIATIONS MSC – Mobile Switching center BSC – Base station controller BTS – Base Transceiver station TRX – Transceiver MS - Mobile Station OMC – Operation and Maintenance Center PSTN – Public Switched Telephone Network BSS – Base Station Subsystem HLR – Home Location Register VLR – Visitor Location Register AuC – Authentication Center EIR – Equipment Identity Register

References ers/lte_overview.pdf ers/lte_overview.pdf

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