Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Structure The morphology of multicellular fungi – Enhances ability to absorb nutrients – Chitin Hyphae. The mushroom and its subterranean mycelium are a continuous network of hyphae. Reproductive structure. The mushroom produces tiny cells called spores. Spore-producing structures 20  m Mycelium Figure 31.2 Hyphae Mycellum

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hyphal Structure Most are multicellular – Cells divided by septa Some have no cross wall- Coenocytic Figure 31.3

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 31.4a, b haustoria Hyphal Structure

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nematode Hyphae 25  m (a) Hyphae adapted for trapping and killing prey Figure 31.4a, b Hyphal Structure

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mycorrhizae Are mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots – Mycorrhizae “fungus roots” Delivers minerals and receives organic nutrients – Ectomycorrhizal fungi: Grow in extracellular spaces of roots – Endomycorrhizal fungi: Hyphae go through cell wall to plasmamembrane

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mycorrhizae – Increase plant productivity RESULTS Figure RESULTS Fungus-Plant Symbiosis

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Malted barley

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brewer's yeast tolerate up to about 5% alcohol. Beyond this alcohol level the yeast cannot continue fermentation. Wine yeast on the other hand tolerates up to about 12% alcohol. The level of alcohol tolerance by yeast varies from 5% to about 21% depending on yeast strain. Part 1 Aerobic (Oxygen is present) This is the initial rapid process where the yeast is doubling its colony size every 4 hours. (Usually hours) Part 2 Anaerobic. (No oxygen present) Slower activity and the yeast focuses on converting sugar to alcohol rather that increasing the number of yeast cells. (This process can take from days to weeks depending on the yeast and the recipe)

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The overall process of fermentation is to convert glucose sugar (C6H12O6) to alcohol (CH3CH2OH) and carbon dioxide gas (CO2). The reactions within the yeast to make this happen are very complex but the overall process is as follows: C6H12O6 ====> 2(CH3CH2OH) + 2(CO2) Sugar ====> Alcohol + Carbon dioxide gas (Glucose) (Ethyl alcohol) Note: The sugars used can be a range of fermentable sugars. These sugars are converted by enzymes to glucose which is then convered to alcohol and CO2

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Diploid phase follows karyogamy Short-lived (2n) spore-producing structures and (1n) spores Sporangia Basidiocarp Ascocarp

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept 31.3: Fungi descended from an aquatic, single-celled, flagellated protist Fungi and Animalia as sister kingdoms Fungi early colonizers of land, probably as symbionts with plants.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept 31.4: Fungi radiated into a diverse set of lineages

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hyphae Chytrids Found in freshwater and terrestrial habitats They can be saprobic or parasitic Zoospores: unique with flagellated spores Figure 31.10

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fast growing bread and fruit molds Can also be parasitic or symbiotic relationship Zygomycetes

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rhizopus growing on bread Mating type (+) Mating type (–) PLASMOGAMY Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) 100 µm SEXUAL REPRODUCTION KARYOGAMY Zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Diploid nuclei MEIOSIS Sporangium Mycelium Dispersal and germination Dispersal and germination ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Sporangia 50 µm Zygospore Zygomycetes Figure 31.13

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pilobolus “aim” their sporangia toward the light Zygomycetes Figure

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pilobolus “aim” their sporangia toward the light Zygomycetes

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Glomeromycetes arbuscular mycorrhizae See Figure

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ascomycetes

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Glomeromycetes Spores produced in a saclike asci “sac fungi” Asci are within the ascocarp

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Basidiomycetes Include mushrooms and shelf fungi Clublike structure called a basidium

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mushrooms are examples of basidiocarps Figure 31.20

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Concept 31.5: Fungi have a powerful impact on ecosystems and human welfare

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Decomposers Essential recycling between the living and nonliving world

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fungus-Animal Symbiosis Helping break down plant material Figure 31.22

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lichens Symbiotic association of photosynthetic microorganisms held in fungal hyphae (a) A fruticose (shrub-like) lichen (b) A foliose (leaf-like) lichen (c) Crustose (crust-like) lichens Figure 31.23a–c

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lichens The fungal component – Is most often an Ascomycete Algae or cyanobacteria – Occupy an inner layer below the lichen surface Ascocarp of fungus Fungal hyphae Algal layer Soredia Algal cell Fungal hyphae 10  m Figure 31.24

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pathogens About 30% of known fungal species – Are parasites, mostly on or in plants (a) Corn smut on corn (b) Tar spot fungus on maple leaves (c) Ergots on rye Figure 31.25a–c

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Practical Uses of Fungi Make cheeses, alcoholic beverages, and bread Genetic research on fungi is leading to applications in biotechnology Antibiotics produced by fungi treat bacterial infections

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Charophytes ANCESTRAL ALGA Red algae Chlorophytes Charophytes Embryophytes Viridiplantae Streptophyta Plantae

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 3 billion years terrestrial surface was lifeless Now roughly 290,000 living plant species Overview: The Greening of Earth