COMMENTS ON DRAFT ICATUS 2012 Indira Hirway Centre For Development Alternatives, India EGM at UNSD, New York June 2012.

Objectives of TUS determine TUS Activity Classification Evolution in the objectives of TUS – economic objectives are increasingly getting important Entry of developing countries has shifted the focus towards economic objectives In the global economy today – particularly in the background of the global crisis, TUS has an important role to play There is a need to have SNA framework

Conceptual Framework for TUS Activity Classification - 1 Necessary Time: the activities that are necessary for human beings, related to basic physiological needs of people, such as, eating, sleeping, health and hygiene Contracted Time: the activities that people have been contracted to perform, such as work/employment or study. Committed Time: Activities which are committed by people to maintain a house or family, such as, house work, care of children, shopping for family, or activities performed for non-household members or voluntary organizations. Free Time: The time left after the three above activities are performed. These activities include leisure activities, socialization etc.

AustraliaHETUS EurostatCanadaISAC * 1. Personal care0. Personal care5. Personal care1. Personal Needs 2. Employment Related Activities1. Employment1. Employed work2. Paid Work 3. Education Activity2. Study6. School and education3. Study 4. Domestic Activities 3. Household and family care2. Domestic work 4. Household and family care 5. Child care activities3. Care of children 6. Purchasing goods and services4. Shopping and services 7. Voluntary work and related care activities 4. Voluntory work &meetings 7. Organisational and Voluntary &religious activities 5. Voluntary work and community participation 8. Social & community Interaction 5. Social life and entertainments8. Entertainment6. Socializing 9. Recreation and leisure 6. Sports and Outdoor activities7. Sports participation 7. Hobbies & games 9. Sports & Hobbies (participation) 8. Hobbies and craft (participation) 9. Entertainment and culture (attendance) 8. Mass Media10. Media and10. Mass Media 9. Travel and unspecified time Time Use Activity Classifications in Selected Developed Countries Note:* International Standard Activity Classification developed by Harvey A & Niemi Iiris (1996) Source: Country Reports on Time Use Surveys

AustraliaHETUS EurostatCanadaUSA Main Job1. Main job1. Work for pay at main job1. work for pay 2. Other Job2. Second job2. Work for pay at other jobs2. work related activities 3. other income generating activities 3. Overtime work 3. Unpaid work in family business/firm 5. Unpaid work in family Business/firm 4. Work breaks 5. Job search4. Looking for work4. job search & interviewing 6. Associated communication3. Activities related to employment ( job seeking, lunch breaks, etc.) 5. Government service 7. Associated travel 8. Employment related activities6. Travel during work 7. Waiting / delays in work 8. Meals / snacks at work 8. Idle time 9. Coffee/other breaks 10. Other work activity 11. Travel from to work Classification of Economic Work in the Classifications of Industrialized Countries Source: Country Reports on Time Use Surveys.

Conceptual Framework for TUS Activity Classification – 2 UNSD UN SNA activities falling within the production boundary Extended SNA activities falling outside the production boundary but within the General production Boundary Personal, activities – non-delegable activities

Main GroupsSub- groups Activities In 3-digits 1.Employment for establishments7 2. Primary production activities not for establishments8 3. Services for income and other production of goods not for establishments 9 4. Household maintenance, management and shopping for own household 9 5. Care for children, the sick, elderly and disabled for own household8 6. Community services and help to other households9 7. Learning6 8. Social, cultural and recreational activities9 9. Mass media use7 0. Personal care and self-maintenance8 UNSD’s Trial Time Use Activity Classification (1997) (3-digit)

Problems with UNSD 1997 Classification The first group is expected to capture formal SNA work and 2-3 groups are expected to capture informal non-SNA work - the three groups however are not really capable of distinguishing formal and informal work. This classification could not identify industry groups of additional workers netted through TUS Since most of the activities performed in the first group are also performed in the second or the third groups, there is considerable repetition of activities in the first and the other groups lengthening the list of activities and confusing the investigators and coders.

CategoriesDivisions A.Work for corporations/quasi-corporations, non profit institutions and government (formal sector work) B Work for household enterprises in primary production activities C C. Work for household enterprises in non-primary production activities D. Work for household enterprises in construction activities E. Work for household enterprises providing services for income F. Providing unpaid domestic for own final use within household G. Providing unpaid care giving services to household members H. Providing community services and help to other households I. Learning J. Socializing and community participation K. Attending/visiting cultural, entertainment and sports events/venues L. Hobbies, games and other pastime activities M. Indoor and outdoor sports participation and related courses N. Mass media O. Personal care and maintenance Structure of ICATUS 2000 Source: UNSD, New York, 2000

Productive ActivitiesNon- Productive (personal) Within SNA Productive BoundaryOutside SNA productive Boundary 01 Formal employment06 Household – services for own use 09 Learning 02 Household – primary production of goods 07 Household- unpaid care10 Socializing 03 Household – non-primary production of goods 08 Household – volunteer work 11 Cultural, entertainment 04 Household-construction12 Hobbies, games 05 Household- services for income13 Sports 14 Mass media 15 Personal care ICATUS Major Divisions within the SNA typological matrix

Problems with ICATUS 2000 Division 01 is treated as formal sector and 2-5 as informal – however this is not valid Since it is likely that TUS nets additional workers in the institutions included in Division 1 – however there is no way we know their industry classes Putting “looking for work” in each major division is not required The classification is lengthy, clumsy and complex

ICATUS Paid work 2Unpaid domestic services for own final use within household 3Unpaid care-giving services to household members 4Community services and help to other households 5Learning 6Socializing and community participation 7Leisure and sports 8Personal care and maintenance Results from the merge of major divisions 11, 12, 13 and 14 of ICATUS 2005

Pre-1997 [1] [1] UNSD- 1997UNSD UNSD 2012 SNA activities1351 Non-SNA Personal activities Total [1] [1] This classification is used mainly by developed countries Major Divisions of Time Use Activities under Different Classification

SNA Needs more Major Divisions About two third of countries in the South want TUS for improving estimates and understanding of informal / subsistence work TUS data are useful for the countries in the North also for “economic” reasons – economic objectives are getting increasingly important at the global level Under an SNA framework, one needs equal weitage to SNA activities The percent share of the time spent on SNA activities is significant

States NSSO TUS NSSO TUS Rural Urban MaleFemalePersonMaleFemal e Perso n MaleFemalePersonMaleFemalePerson Haryana Madhya Pradesh Gujarat Orissa Tamil Nadu Meghalay a Combined States Estimated WPR from NSSO and TUS (with comparable concepts of “work”)

NSSO and TUS Based WPRs by Age Groups: Male Source: Hirway and Jose 2011, based on TUS and NSSO

NSSO and TUS Based WPRs by Age Groups: Female Source: Hirway and Jose 2011, based on TUS and NSSO

NSSO and TUS Based WPRs by Age Groups: Male + Female

ICATUS Groups within Division 1: 11 Work for corporations/quasi corporations, non-profit institutions and government (“formal sector” work) 12 Work for household in primary production activities 13 Work for household in non-primary production activities 14 Work for household in construction activities 15 Work for household providing services for income 16 Looking for work / setting up business 18 Travel related to paid work 1x Other activities related to paid work not elsewhere classified (n.e.c)

Problems with the SNA groups in ICATUS 2012 Division 01 cannot be treated as formal sector and employment in this division time use surveys are likely to net additional workforce from the formal as well as informal sector units. And if this is the case, it will be important to collect information on the “industry” class of the workers of the formal sectors also – so that new estimates of workforce will be available industry-wise.

Reorganization of SNA Activities Activities in the production in the primary sector, Activities in the production in the secondary sector and Activities in the tertiary sector – in trade and services. Each of these divisions can be classified and sub-classified into detailed sectors and sub-sectors and activities: 1 division (work for primary production activities 11 Growing crops and trees; kitchen gardening 111 onwards 1111 further details

Use of Context Variables For whom With Whom Location Others: paid / unpaid; use of technology etc

Advantages of this Classification It takes into account - is comparable with all the major classification schemes in developed and developing countries It serves the major objective of the TUS in the South - it helps in identifying industry classification of additional employment netted It serves the major objective of the TUS in the North It is simple and easy to operate With the right kind of context variables, the classification is enriched in terms of its interpretation and utility.

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