Chapter 47 International Law in a Global Economy

2  What is the principle of comity and why do courts deciding disputes involving a foreign law apply this principle?  What is the act of state doctrine?  Under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976, on what bases might a foreign state be considered subject to the jurisdiction of U.S. Courts?  In what circumstances will U.S. antitrust laws be applied extraterritoriality?  Do U.S. laws prohibiting employment discrimination apply in U.S. factories abroad?  What is the principle of comity and why do courts deciding disputes involving a foreign law apply this principle?  What is the act of state doctrine?  Under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976, on what bases might a foreign state be considered subject to the jurisdiction of U.S. Courts?  In what circumstances will U.S. antitrust laws be applied extraterritoriality?  Do U.S. laws prohibiting employment discrimination apply in U.S. factories abroad? Learning Objectives

3 International Principles and Doctrines  The most important principles and doctrines applied in the interest of maintaining harmonious relations among nations: The Principle of Comity. The Act of State Doctrine. The Doctrine of Sovereign Immunity.  The most important principles and doctrines applied in the interest of maintaining harmonious relations among nations: The Principle of Comity. The Act of State Doctrine. The Doctrine of Sovereign Immunity.

4 The Principle of Comity  One nation will defer and give effect to the laws and judicial decrees of another country, as long as those laws and judicial decrees are consistent with the law and public policy of the accommodating nation.

5 The Act of State Doctrine  Judicial branch of one country will not examine the validity of public acts committed by recognized foreign government within its own territory.  This doctrine is often invoked to protect: Expropriation, and Confiscation.  Judicial branch of one country will not examine the validity of public acts committed by recognized foreign government within its own territory.  This doctrine is often invoked to protect: Expropriation, and Confiscation.

6 The Doctrine of Sovereign Immunity  This doctrine exempts foreign nations from jurisdiction in U.S. courts.  The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act expanded the jurisdiction of U.S. courts for creditors of foreign governments.  This doctrine exempts foreign nations from jurisdiction in U.S. courts.  The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act expanded the jurisdiction of U.S. courts for creditors of foreign governments.

7 Doing Business Internationally  Types of International Business Operations Exporting, through: An Agent. A Foreign Distributor. Manufacturing Abroad, through: Licensing. Franchising. Investing in a subsidiary or joint venture.  Types of International Business Operations Exporting, through: An Agent. A Foreign Distributor. Manufacturing Abroad, through: Licensing. Franchising. Investing in a subsidiary or joint venture.

8 Commercial Contracts in an International Setting  Choice of Language Clause  Choice of Forum (which country?)  Choice of Law  Force Majeure (impossibility or “act of God”)  Civil Dispute (arbitration?)  Choice of Language Clause  Choice of Forum (which country?)  Choice of Law  Force Majeure (impossibility or “act of God”)  Civil Dispute (arbitration?)

9 Making Payments on International Transactions  Monetary Systems Foreign Exchange Rates/Markets Correspondent Banks (affiliated banks in different countries) Letters of Credit Conditional promise by Issuer (Bank) to pay Beneficiary (Seller) on behalf of Account (Buyer).  Monetary Systems Foreign Exchange Rates/Markets Correspondent Banks (affiliated banks in different countries) Letters of Credit Conditional promise by Issuer (Bank) to pay Beneficiary (Seller) on behalf of Account (Buyer).

10 Regulation of Specific Business Activities  Nations impose laws and controls to restrict or facilitate international business. Investing. Export and Import Controls: Quotas, Tariffs and Anti-Dumping Rules. International Organizations and Agreements: World Trade Organization, European Union and NAFTA.  Nations impose laws and controls to restrict or facilitate international business. Investing. Export and Import Controls: Quotas, Tariffs and Anti-Dumping Rules. International Organizations and Agreements: World Trade Organization, European Union and NAFTA.

11 U.S. Laws in a Global Context  U.S. antitrust law applies to the activities of U.S. firms even when they are acting abroad.  Foreign persons and governments can sue under U.S. antitrust laws in U.S. courts.  Generally, U.S. firms must abide by U.S. anti- discrimination law, even in their foreign activities, unless doing so would require them to violate the laws of the foreign country.  U.S. antitrust law applies to the activities of U.S. firms even when they are acting abroad.  Foreign persons and governments can sue under U.S. antitrust laws in U.S. courts.  Generally, U.S. firms must abide by U.S. anti- discrimination law, even in their foreign activities, unless doing so would require them to violate the laws of the foreign country.