What is a concept? Part of semantic memory (vs. episodic memory) A class of items that seem to belong together –‘dog’, ‘balloon’, ‘terrorist’ (things)

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

Posner and Keele; Rosch et al.. Posner and Keele: Two Main Points Greatest generalization is to prototype. –Given noisy examples of prototype, prototype.

Advertisements

What’s in memory?-- Categorization. The importance of categorization What’s this? Does it have seeds on the inside? Does it have lungs? How do you know.

Social Cognition September 16th, 2009 : Lecture 2.

Write down all the sports you can think of Provide a definition of the word ‘cup’ List items you would take out of your house in case of fire In the movie.

Advanced Educational Psychology --mgmsantos. Misconceptions: 1. That nothing needs to be done for students with a high intelligence because they will.

Cognitive - knowledge.ppt © 2001 Laura Snodgrass, Ph.D.1 Knowledge Structure of semantic memory –relationships among concepts –organization of memory –memory.

Chapter 9 Knowledge.

Chapter 7 Knowledge Terms: concept, categorization, prototype, typicality effect, object concepts, rule-governed, exemplars, hierarchical organization,

Organization of Semantic Memory The study of Collins & Quillian (1969):Collins & Quillian (1969): The authors were interested in the organization of semantic.

Posner & Keele Demo. Prototype Low Distortions High Distortions Random Patterns.

Varieties of Learning Structural descriptions and instances Scenarios and locations; eating in a fast food restaurant Perceptual and semantic representations.

Concepts and Categories. Functions of Concepts By dividing the world into classes of things to decrease the amount of information we need to learn, perceive,

Concepts and Categories. Functions of Concepts By dividing the world into classes of things to decrease the amount of information we need to learn, perceive,

Knowing Semantic memory.

Cognitive Processes PSY 334 Chapter 5 – Meaning-Based Knowledge Representation July 24, 2003.

Natural Categories Hierarchical organization of categories –Superordinate (e.g., furniture) –Basic-level (e.g., chair) –Subordinate (e.g., armchair) Rosch.

Concepts and Categories. Concept – a mental representation Category – the set of things picked out by the concept Why do we need them? –To make predictions.

Cognitive Processes PSY 334 Chapter 5 (Cont.) Chapter 6 – Human Memory: Encoding and Storage July 29, 2003.

Concept Learning Concepts are categories of stimuli that have certain features in common. The shapes on the left are all members of a conceptual category:

From Prototypes to Abstract Ideas A review of On The Genesis of Abstract Ideas by MI Posner and SW Keele Siyi Deng.

Knowledge information that is gained and retained what someone has acquired and learned organized in some way into our memory.

Making Generalizations By D. Kyle Kelso Educator.

Instance Theory and Universal Grammar in Second Language research Team members : Steve, Jones, Ines, Trixie Teacher : Aya Okamato.

How do we store information for the long-term in memory?

Concepts & Categorization. Geometric (Spatial) Approach Many prototype and exemplar models assume that similarity is inversely related to distance in.

Cognitive Psychology, 2 nd Ed. Chapter 8 Semantic Memory.

Roles of Knowledge in Cognition 1 Knowledge is often thought of as constituting particular bodies of facts, techniques, and procedures that cultures develop,

Stimulus Control. Stimulus Control of Behavior Having stimulus control means that the probability of the behavior varies depending upon the stimuli present.

General Knowledge Dr. Claudia J. Stanny EXP 4507 Memory & Cognition Spring 2009.

Development and Disintegration of Conceptual Knowledge: A Parallel-Distributed Processing Approach Jay McClelland Department of Psychology and Center for.

Semantic Memory Memory for meaning

Representation, Development and Disintegration of Conceptual Knowledge: A Parallel-Distributed Processing Approach James L. McClelland Department of Psychology.

Concepts and Categorization

CONCEPTS OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING. Topics To Be Discussed………………………. Objects Classes Data Abstraction and Encapsulation Inheritance Polymorphism.

Emergence of Semantic Knowledge from Experience Jay McClelland Stanford University.

PSY 323 – COGNITION Chapter 9: Knowledge.  Categorization ◦ Process by which things are placed into groups  Concept ◦ Mental groupings of similar objects,

Craik and Lockhart: Levels of processing Mandy, Samantha & Jessica.

Concepts and Knowledge Thomas G. Bowers, Ph.D. Penn State Harrisburg 2000.

What is a concept? Part of semantic memory (vs. episodic memory) A class of items that seem to belong together –‘dog’, ‘balloon’, ‘terrorist’ (things)

Long Term Memory: Semantic Kimberley Clow

Introduction to Categorization Theory (Goldstein Ch 9: Knowledge)

Categories What are categories? The internal structure of categories Rule-based approaches Similarity-based approaches Theory-based approaches.

DATA MINING WITH CLUSTERING AND CLASSIFICATION Spring 2007, SJSU Benjamin Lam.

Cognitive Processes PSY 334 Chapter 5 – Meaning-Based Knowledge Representation.

1 How is knowledge stored? Human knowledge comes in 2 varieties: Concepts Concepts Relations among concepts Relations among concepts So any theory of how.

Language in the Brain Language Processing in the Brain.

Treating Different Stimuli Alike: Categorization “Categorization can be viewed as the ability to treat similar, but not identical, things as somehow equivalent,

1 26 September, 2000HKU Categorization Assigning things (percepts, concepts, objects, etc.) to distinct groups in a principled (rule-based) manner.

Data Mining By Farzana Forhad CS 157B. Agenda Decision Tree and ID3 Rough Set Theory Clustering.

Thinking, Concepts & Creativity. Thought Cognition—mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge Thinking—manipulation of mental.

Concepts And Generic Knowledge

Verbal Representation of Knowledge

Lecture 8 – Categories 1 great detail is needed for planning & executing current responses some detail about context of new learning can be emcoded with.

Emergent Semantics: Meaning and Metaphor Jay McClelland Department of Psychology and Center for Mind, Brain, and Computation Stanford University.

Introduction to Categorization Theory (Goldstein Ch 9: Knowledge)

Chapter 9 Knowledge. Some Questions to Consider Why is it difficult to decide if a particular object belongs to a particular category, such as “chair,”

Development and Disintegration of Conceptual Knowledge: A Parallel-Distributed Processing Approach James L. McClelland Department of Psychology and Center.

Helping Children Learn

Concepts and General Knowledge Semantic Memory Stores

Emergence of Semantics from Experience

Class Schedule In-text Citations Long-term Memory: Organization

Langston, PSY 4040 Cognitive Psychology Notes 9

Education 173 Cognition and Learning in Educational Settings Critical Thinking and Reasoning Fall Quarter, 2007.

Thought and Language Chapter 11.

You hear people say: “Let me think about that” “What do you think?”

You hear people say: “Let me think about that” “What do you think?”

Education 173 Cognition and Learning in Educational Settings Critical Thinking and Reasoning Fall Quarter, 2007.

Classic categorization models

Categories My dog sleeping. My dog. All golden retrievers. All dogs. All canines. All mammals… Each of these is a category. Categorization is the process.

Presentation transcript:

What is a concept? Part of semantic memory (vs. episodic memory) A class of items that seem to belong together –‘dog’, ‘balloon’, ‘terrorist’ (things) –‘tall’, ‘ugly’ (properties) –‘walk’, ‘jump’ (actions) A mental construct (vs. the outside world) Abstract knowledge

How are things clustered into categories? Based on similarity big birdn sesame jump)t big birdnsesame jump)t Based on function Based on theories Sesamestreet_bigbird Sesametstree_jump

German Shepherd fido prince puppy formerly known as prince bingo jessie - Abstract representation - salient features - prototype

A prototype: –is an abstract representation (usually the average) –contains salient features that are true of most instances e.g., birds usually can fly (but not always) => ‘ability to fly’ is a salient feature of the category ‘bird’ A prototypical bird is one that flies (& have feathers, etc) A bird that doesn’t fly is atypical (weird: penguin, ostrich) How can we test the existence of a ‘prototype’? Use stimuli that you have never seen before (CogLab exp)

Prototype: Only shown during test phase Variants: departures from the Prototype Their average is the prototype Some displayed at study and test, others only at test

Training Phase Abstraction Prototype (not shown) Variants

Test Phase Prototype Old VariantsNew Variants Critical comparison: ?

Prototype theory ‘On the genesis of abstract ideas’ (Posner & Keele, 1968) Stimulus –Two displays of 25 dots each (Prototypes) –Variants on each of these two displays (10 dots are randomly relocated ) Training Phase: –Learn to classify variants into two categories –Items were variants of the prototypes Test phase –Old items –New Items Prototypes Variants

Prototype Theory (Rosch) –specify the “center” of the category, –leave ‘fuzzy’ boundaries –graded category membership (tea cup vs. Stanley cup) some categories don’t obey these properties –Things that have ‘essence’ (next Monday) –Phonemes (CogLab exp)

Is Pluto a planet? nprnpr Or is it a dwarf planet? Is this an important question? Or is it as dumb question? –(hint: dumb)