Gravity 2
Geoid, spheroid
Measurement of gravity Absolute measurements Relative measurements True gravitational Acceleration Difference in gravitational acceleration
Measurement of absolute gravity z – distance the object falls t – time to fall the distance z v o – initial velocity g – absolute gravity T – period of the pendulum L – length of the pendulum Expensive and time consuming measurements
Measurement of relative gravity F = mg g 1 < g 2 F 1 < F 2 g=F/m L ~ g gravimeter
Worden gravimeter
Measurement of relative gravity F = mg g 1 < g 2 F 1 < F 2 g=F/m L ~ g Base station – absolute gravity – calibration of L ( L g) Other stations – relative gravity – change in L Problems with surveying in the ocean
Eötvös correction (required for seaborne, airborne measurements) Apparent gravity is affected by motion of moving platforms Eastward ship (aircraft) travel: adds to the earth's rotation, increases centrifugal forces and decreases the gravity readings. Westward travel: increases the gravity reading. North-south travel: is independent of rotation, and decreases the gravity reading in either case. Correction required:
Isostasy
Deflection of a plumb bob Expected deflection due to the attraction of the mass of the mountain Actual deflection for Andes and Himalayas (less than expected due to a deficiency of mass beneath the mountains) Measurements: - in – Bouguer - Andes - mid -1800’s – Sir George Everest - Himalayas
Local Isostasy ( ) Block of different density The same pressure from all blocks at the depth of compensation (crust/mantle boundary) Blocks of the same density but different thickness The base of the crust is exaggerated, mirror image of the topography
Hydrostatic (lithostatic) pressure P = gh P – pressure – density z – thickness Archimedes – a floating body displaces its own weight of water “Floating” rigid surface layer Denser substratum The isostasy restores the equilibrium
Hydrostatic (lithostatic) pressure Pratt model P= 2 gh 2 = 3 gh 3 = 4 gh 4 = 5 gh 5 P/g= 2 h 2 = 3 h 3 = 4 h 4 = 5 h 5 Airy model P/g= 2 h 5 = ( 2 h 4 + 1 h 4 ’) = ( 2 h 3 + 1 h 3 ’) 1 – mantle density 2 – crustal density (constant) 1 > 2 P = gh
Airy Isostatic Model 1) P/g= a h a + w h w + c h c + m h m = Constant Total pressure 2) T = h a + h w + h c + h m = Constant Total thickness a –air c – crust w – water m – mantle 5-8 times
Regional Isostasy Compensation directly below the load, no rigidity (like water) Take lithospheric strength into account, there is flexural rigidity
Regional Isostasy – Elastic Plate Elastic thickness Flexural Rigidity (Bending)
Regional Isostasy – Elastic Plate (Turcotte and Schubert, 1982) Elastic thickness Flexural Rigidity (Bending) D(d 4 w/d 4 x)+( b - a )gw=q(x) – differential equation D – flexural rigidity w – vertical deflection at x g – gravity x – horizontal distance from the load q(x) – load applied to the top of the plate at x Indexes: “a” – above, “b” - below
Regional Isostasy – Elastic Plate Elastic thickness Flexural Rigidity (Bending) D(d 4 w/d 4 x)+( b - a )gw=q(x) Small amplitude of w, long wavelength Large w, smaller wavelength Peripheral bulge + depression Collapse into local equilibrium
Regional Isostasy – Examples Elastic thickness Flexural Rigidity (Bending) ~ bending of diving plate Load – topography of accretionary plate wedge + volcanic arc ~ bending of elastic plate Load – mass of high mountains
Isostatic Rebound Historical levels of Lake Superior due to post-glacial rebound
Isostatic Rebound Present-day uplift rate, horizontal velocity, free air gravity anomaly, and rate of change in gravity (Wu, 2001)