Digestive System Midterm Content

Human digestive system After chewing and swallowing, it takes 5 to 10 seconds for food to pass down the esophagus to the stomach, where it spends 2 to 6 hours being partially digested. Final digestion and nutrient absorption occur in the small intestine over a period of 5 to 6 hours. In 12 to 24 hours, any undigested material passes through the large intestine, and feces are expelled through the anus.

Mouth Teeth - mechanical digestion Saliva - chemical digestion break up food Saliva - chemical digestion amylase enzyme digests starch All that in spit

Esophagus –Swallowing (& not choking) Epiglottis flap of cartilage closes trachea (windpipe) when swallowing food travels down esophagus Peristalsis involuntary muscle contractions to move food along PHARYNX goes to the esophagous that carries food to stomach and also connects to TRACHEA that carries air to lungs

Small intestine Functions digestion absorption digest carbohydrates amylase from pancreas digest proteins trypsin & chymotrypsin from pancreas digest lipids (fats) bile from liver & lipase from pancreas absorption nutrients move into body cells by: diffusion active transport About every 20 seconds, the stomach contents are mixed by the churning action of smooth muscles. As a result of mixing and enzyme action, what begins in the stomach as a recently swallowed meal becomes a nutrient-rich broth known as acid chyme. At the opening from the stomach to the small intestine is the pyloric sphincter, which helps regulate the passage of chyme into the intestine. A squirt at a time, it takes about 2 to 6 hours after a meal for the stomach to empty.

Absorption in Small Intestines Nutrient absorption through villi finger-like projections increases surface area for absorption SMALL INTESTINES 6 meters long, but can stretch to cover a tennis court

Liver & Gall Bladder Produces bile breaks up fats gallbladder only stores bile that’s why you can have your gall bladder removed bile contains colors from old red blood cells collected in liver = iron in RBC rusts & makes feces brown

Large intestines (colon) Function re-absorbs water not enough water re-absorbed Diarrhea too much water re-absorbed constipation

Rectum Last section of large intestines eliminate feces what’s left over? undigested materials mainly cellulose from plants called roughage or fiber keeps everything moving & cleans out intestines masses of bacteria

You’ve got company! Living in the large intestine is a community of helpful bacteria Escherichia coli: E. coli Help digest cellulose digests fruits & vegetables produce vitamins vitamin K & B vitamins BUT generate gases by-product of bacterial metabolism methane, hydrogen sulfide STINKY!

mouth break up food digest starch kill germs moisten food stomach kills germs break up food digest proteins store food liver produces bile - stored in gall bladder break up fats small intestines breakdown food - proteins - starch - fats absorb nutrients pancreas produces enzymes to digest proteins & carbs large intestines absorb water

Trivia 1 The function of the digestive system is to . . . chemically break down food absorb nutrient materials mechanically break apart food all of the above

Trivia 2 The villi of the small intestine allow for an increase in the rate of . . . nutrient absorption acid production cellulose digestion bile production absorption

Enzymes in saliva begin the chemical digestion of . . . fat Protein Trivia 3 Enzymes in saliva begin the chemical digestion of . . . fat Protein carbohydrates vitamins carbohydrates

Where does protein digestion start in the human body? Trivia 4 Where does protein digestion start in the human body? the mouth the stomach the small intestine large intestine Stomach and then small intestine

The main function of the large intestine is to: store waste Trivia 5 The main function of the large intestine is to: store waste absorb water from digested food digest proteins none of the above Absorb water