Geographic Information Systems GIS Output

1. Color Theory ► Additive primaries blue, green, and red ► Subtractive primaries yellow, cyan, and magenta

1. (1) Additive Primaries ► Superimposing blue, green, and red light blue + green + red = white

► Yellow, cyan, and magenta are complements to blue, red, and green, respectively ► Various combinations of the three primaries produce different colors Additive Primaries..

1. (2) Subtractive Primaries ► Superimposing yellow, magenta, and cyan dye: ► Superimposing yellow, magenta, and cyan dye: yellow + magenta + cyan = black yellow + magenta = red yellow + cyan = green magenta + cyan = blue yellow + magenta + cyan = black yellow + magenta = red yellow + cyan = green magenta + cyan = blue

Subtractive Primaries.. ► Yellow, cyan, and magenta Cyan = white – red Magenta = white – green Yellow = white - blue

2. Cartographic Symbols ► Point symbols ► Line symbols ► Area symbols

2. (1) Point Symbols ► Points e.g. cities, lakes, stores, trees e.g. cities, lakes, stores, trees ► Lines e.g. rivers, streets and roads, pipelines, airline routes e.g. rivers, streets and roads, pipelines, airline routes ► Areas e.g. field crops, depth to water table, demographic statistics, marketing regions e.g. field crops, depth to water table, demographic statistics, marketing regions

Strategies of Symbolization USGS Map Symbols ► The use of point, line, and area symbols depends on - spatial scale of a project - spatial scale of a project - purpose of a project - convention

Strategies of Symbolization.. M. Dolce

Strategies of Symbolization..

► Identification and Awareness of Hazardous Waste Sites

3. Primary Graphic Elements ► Hue ► Value ► Size ► Shape ► Spacing ► Orientation ► Location

Primary Graphic Elements.. ► Hue - Color ► Value - Lightness or darkness of a mark, tone ► Size - size of a mark ► Shape - shape of a mark ► Spacing - distance between component marks ► Orientation - directional arrangement of marks ► Location - location of map components, titles, legends, etc.

3. (7) Location ► Location of map components, titles, legends, etc. Title Legend Data source

Southeastern Geographer, Searching for a New Brand Reimagining a More Diverse Orlando. 49(2):

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Shape/ Pattern Color Point Data Nominal Numerical Line Data Area Data Nominal Numerical Graphic Element X X X X X X Size X X X Value X X X X -- Graphic Element is not suitable.

4. Components of Map Design ► Clarity and legibility ► Visual contrast ► Visual balance ► Figure vs. ground ► Hierarchical organization

4. (1) Clarity and Legibility ► Size ► Length vs. width ► Contrasting color and shape of symbols ► Map components

4. (2) Visual Contrast ► Sufficient difference among symbols

Jim Besley & Kurt Snider, US Fish & Wildlife Service 4. (3) Visual Balance ► Relative position and visual importance of map components The two centers of an image space Optical Center Geometric center The designer should arrange the map’s elements around the optical center, rather than the geometric center

4. (4) Figure vs. Ground ► Differentiation, closed, small or continuous forms, brightness, detail of features and ground Figures – important objects Figures – important objects Grounds – things less important

Figure vs. Ground.. Figures – important objects Grounds – things less important

4. (5) Hierarchical Organization ► Extensional - network of lines of varying significance ► Subdivisional - internal relationship of a hierarchy

Hierarchy.. ► Contrast, shading, color, and text masking are all techniques used to create hierarchy

Hierarchy.. ► Contrast, shading, color, and text masking are all techniques used to create hierarchy

Readings ► Chapter 7