The Human Body Mjames April 8, 2013 period

Bell ringers 4/16/13 Monday– find 3 science words that describe you and explain why. Extra credit if they start with the same letter as your name.

Table of contents (inside front cover) systempagesMain organs Circulatory system1-3 Respiratory system4-6 Digestive system7-9 Excretory system10-11 Nervous system Muscular system Skeletal systems

circulatory system function HeartCauses blood to flow through the body by its pumping action Vessels  Tubes that carry blood throughout the entire body  Most arteries carry blood that has oxygen and nutrients to all the parts of the body.  Most veins carry waste products (for example carbon dioxide) from all the parts of the body back to the heart.  Capillaries are very small vessels where oxygen and nutrients leave the blood to go into the cells and carbon dioxide and other waste products enter the blood from the cells. Blood Blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma that have different functions. p. 1

p. 2 draw and label the heart

p. 3 top HEART WORDS Atrium– top sections of heart Ventricle– bottom sections of heart Septum– wall between right and left sides of heart. Separates blood with O 2 from blood w/o O 2. Oxygenated– having oxygen Red blood cells– carry oxygen using hemoglobin, red color because of Iron White blood cells– fight infection, much larger than RBC’s Platelets– cell fragments that plug holes to prevent bleeding

Plasma– liquid part of the blood Double circulation– blood passes through heart twice (right side  lungs  left side  body) Cardiovascular– dealing with heart and blood vessels Stroke– blood clot in brain causes part of brain to go w/o oxygen and it dies. Heart attack– blood clot in the vessels that feed the heart and that part of the heart goes w/o oxygen and dies. p. 3 bottom HEART WORDS

p. 4 top Words for respiratory system Inhale– breathe in Exhale– breathe out Respiration rate--- # breaths/minute Inspiration– lungs fill up Expiration—Lungs empty Oxygen– gas we need Carbon dioxide– gas we get rid of

p. 4 bottom Words for respiratory system Lungs– where gas exchange takes place Alveoli– small bubbles in lungs that are wrapped with blood vessels Windpipe– air tube that connects back of mouth and nose to bronchi (tubes into lungs) Hard palate– roof of mouth, has ridges Soft palate– soft area behind hard palate

Nose Collects air from the environment and moistens and heats the air before it enters the trachea. Trachea The windpipe; moves air from the nose to the lungs. Bronchi (sg., bronchu s) Tubes that move air from the trachea to the lungs; one bronchus leads to each lung; part of each bronchus is outside the lung and part is inside. Lungs The main organs where gases are exchanged between air and the blood; the alveoli in the lungs are where the gas exchange takes place. Diaphrag m The muscle that aids in the breathing process. p. 5

p. 6 draw and label the respiratory system organs

Mouth Begins to break down food into smaller pieces through mechanical digestion; saliva in the mouth starts the process of chemical digestion. Esophagus The transport tube that carries chewed food to the stomach. Stomach Continues the process of mechanical digestion; and secretes gastric juices that continue the process of chemical digestion started in the mouth. Small intestines The organ where most of the chemical digestion of food takes place; nutrients from food are also absorbed through the small intestines. Large intestines The organ where water is absorbed from the food and taken into the bloodstream; prepares the remaining undigested food for elimination from the body. p. 7

Rectum and anus The rectum is a short tube that stores solid waste until it is eliminated from the body through the anus. Liver A secondary organ of the digestive system that produces bile, which is used by the body to break up fat particles. Gallbladder A secondary organ to the digestive system that functions to store bile produced by the liver. Pancreas A secondary organ to the digestive system that functions to produce digestive juices that help to further break down the food in the small intestine. p. 8

p.9 label the organs of the digestive system

The excretory system p. 10 Kidneys The two kidneys get rid of urea, excess water, and some other waste materials released by the cells. These are eliminated as urine. UretersTubes which connect each kidney to the bladder Bladder A saclike muscular organ which stores urine until it is released from the body. Urethra Tube through which urine passes before it is removed from the body

p. 11 diagram of the excretory system

p. 12 The nervous system Brain An organ of the central nervous system, which as three distinct parts that all serve to control and coordinate the activities of the body.  The cerebrum controls thoughts, voluntary actions, and the sensations related to the five senses.  The cerebellum helps with balance and coordination.  The brain stem is located at the base of the brain and controls vital and involuntary processes (for example, breathing, the beating of the heart, and digestion). Spinal cord A bundle of nerves that begins at the brain stem and continues down the center of the back through the vertebrae. It connects with the peripheral nerves. Peripheral nerves A network of nerves that branch out from the spinal cord and connect to the rest of the body and transmit signals to and from the brain through the spinal cord.

p. 13 the diagram of the nervous system

p. 14 top Nerve words Nerve– fiber that connects sensors in body to brain and brain to muscles. Brain– organs made of nerves that decode nerve messages and decide what to do. Impulses– electrical messages that travel through the nerves. Sense organs– how we gather information about our surroundings Neuron –nerve cell

p. 14 bottom Nerve words Paralyzed– break in the nerve pathway, no control below that break Spine –bone that make up the backbone. Spinal cord– thick cord or rope that runs through the bones and carries messages. Reflex– body responds to nerve messages without thinking about it

p. 15 Draw and label the skeletal system

Week of 4/15/13 bell ringers: Monday: What are 3 science words that describe you? Tuesday: What are 3 science words that could describe a dog or cat? Explain why.

ORGAN SYSTEM STRUCTUREFUNCTION SKELETALBONES—(beg 300+  adult 206)bones are framework Support mass of body, make RBC’s, Enclose/protect organs, allow movement CARTILAGE—soft rubbery substance at the ends of bones, nose and ears Ease movement, give shape, prevent bones grinding p. 16

p.17 Notes on skeleton There are 206 bones in the average human body. Bones are made of layers, with marrow in the center. The marrow is responsible for making blood cells. The spongy layer of bone is to add support without adding a lot of mass. The skeleton is designed to provide structure and support to the body.

SKELETAL—attached to bones Voluntary Move bones SMOOTH—looks like ribbons, line blood vessels, digestive tract, uterus and vagina Move blood, food, and babies Involuntary CARDIAC--makes up heart, combination of smooth and skeletal involuntary Moves blood p. 18 muscular system

p.19 Notes on muscular system There are more than 600 muscles in the body. The muscles create most of the heat in the body. The muscles move your body, move things within your body, and respond to the nerve messages.

p. 20. INTEGUMENTARY system EpidermisOuter layer of skin, covers the body, waterproof, layers of dead cells dermisLayers of living cells, second layer from outside, has blood vessels and nerves Subcutaneous layer( fatty)Cushions the bones as well as helps maintain the body’s temperature, stores extra energy in form of fat

Need to add 3 sheets staple to inside back cover While you are waiting/ finish for homework Voc on p. 38D, sections 2, 4, and 5 only