POH = -log [OH - ] [H + ][OH - ] = K w = 1.0 x 10 -14 -log [H + ] – log [OH - ] = 14.00 pH + pOH = 14.00.

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pOH = -log [OH - ] [H + ][OH - ] = K w = 1.0 x log [H + ] – log [OH - ] = pH + pOH = 14.00

The pH of rainwater collected in a certain region of the northeastern United States on a particular day was What is the H + ion concentration of the rainwater? pH = - log [H + ] [H + ] = 10 -pH = = 1.5 x M The OH - ion concentration of a blood sample is 2.5 x M. What is the pH of the blood? pH + pOH = pOH = -log [OH - ]= -log (2.5 x )= 6.60 pH = – pOH = – 6.60 = 7.40

تدريب : (1) احسب قيمة pH و pOH لمحلول يحتوي على تركيز [H + ] يساوي 2.0 x مولار. (2) احسب [H + ] و [HO - ] في محلول قيمة pH تساوي 3.70 (3) احسب pH و pOH لمحلول حجمه 400 مل ويحتوي على 0.31 جم من هيدروكسيد الباريوم Ba(OH) 2 للتأكد توجد الإجابة في كتاب مسائل وحلول بالباب الثاني الفصل 7.

Strong Electrolyte – 100% dissociation NaCl (s) Na + (aq) + Cl - (aq) H2OH2O Weak Electrolyte – not completely dissociated CH 3 COOH CH 3 COO - (aq) + H + (aq) Strong Acids are strong electrolytes HCl (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + Cl - (aq) HNO 3 (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + NO 3 - (aq) HClO 4 (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + ClO 4 - (aq) H 2 SO 4 (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + HSO 4 - (aq)

HF (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + F - (aq) Weak Acids are weak electrolytes HNO 2 (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + NO 2 - (aq) HSO 4 - (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + SO 4 2- (aq) H 2 O (l) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + OH - (aq) Strong Bases are strong electrolytes NaOH (s) Na + (aq) + OH - (aq) H2OH2O KOH (s) K + (aq) + OH - (aq) H2OH2O Ba(OH) 2 (s) Ba 2+ (aq) + 2OH - (aq) H2OH2O F - (aq) + H 2 O (l) OH - (aq) + HF (aq) Weak Bases are weak electrolytes NO 2 - (aq) + H 2 O (l) OH - (aq) + HNO 2 (aq)

HA (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + A - (aq) Weak Acids (HA) and Acid Ionization Constants HA (aq) H + (aq) + A - (aq) K a = [H + ][A - ] [HA] K a is the acid ionization constant

What is the pH of a 0.5 M HF solution (at 25 0 C)? HF (aq) H + (aq) + F - (aq) K a = [H + ][F - ] [HF] = 7.1 x HF (aq) H + (aq) + F - (aq) Initial (M) Change (M) Equilibrium (M) x-x+x+x x x+x xx K a = x2x x = 7.1 x Ka  Ka  x2x = 7.1 x – x  0.50 K a << 1 x 2 = 3.55 x x = M [H + ] = [F - ] = M pH = -log [H + ] = 1.72 [HF] = 0.50 – x = 0.48 M

What is the pH of a M monoprotic acid whose K a is 5.7 x ? HA (aq) H + (aq) + A - (aq) Initial (M) Change (M) Equilibrium (M) x-x+x+x x x+x xx K a = x2x x = 5.7 x Ka  Ka  x2x = 5.7 x – x  K a << 1 x 2 = 6.95 x x = M pH = -log[H + ] = -log[0.0083] = 2.08

K a = x2x x = 5.7 x x x – 6.95 x = 0 ax 2 + bx + c =0 -b ± b 2 – 4ac  2a2a x = x = x = HA (aq) H + (aq) + A - (aq) Initial (M) Change (M) Equilibrium (M) x-x+x+x x x+x xx [H + ] = x = M pH = -log[H + ] = 2.09 حل آخر : يتم تطبيق المعادلة التالية مباشرة وهي = 5.7 x x = M aa C. K ] H[  

aa C. K ] H[   (1) Find the pH of a M aqueous solution of periodic acid (HIO 4 ), for which Ka = 2.3  A. 1.25B. 3.28C D. 1.34E (2) Find the pH of a M aqueous solution of hypobromous acid (HOBr), for which Ka = 2.06  A. 4.71B. 8.69C D. 4.34E = 2.3 x x = M pH = - log [ ] = 1.25 = 2.06 x x = 1.94 x M pH = - log [1.94 x ] = 4.71 aa C. K ] H[  

NH 3 (aq) + H 2 O (l) NH 4 + (aq) + OH - (aq) Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constants K b = [NH 4 + ][OH - ] [NH 3 ] K b is the base ionization constant Solve weak base problems like weak acids except solve for [OH-] instead of [H + ].

مثال : احسب التركيز بالمولارية لكل من أيونات (OH) - و Ba 2+ في محلول حجمه 200 مل ويحتوي على جم من هيدروكسيد الباريوم Ba(OH) 2. الحـل : يتم أولا حساب عدد مولات هيدروكسيد الباريوم بدلالة كتلته جم ووزنه الجزيئي (Mol. wt.) = ( ) 2 = جم / مول إذاً عدد مولات هيدروكسيد الباريوم = مول والتركيز بالمولارية M = قاعدة قوية Ba(OH) 2(S) Ba 2+ (aq) + 2 HO -1 (aq) ثانياً : بعد معرفة التركيز الحجمي بالمولارية. يتم كتابة معادلة تأين الإلكتروليت Ba(OH) 2 الموزونة وذلك لحساب تركيز كل من أيونات (OH) - و Ba 2+ في البداية : صفر مولار صفر مولار مولار بعد الذوبانية : x مولار النتيجة : مولار مولارصفر مولار تركيز أيونات الهيدروكسيد 2(HO) - 1 = 2 × = مولار. وتركيز أيونات الباريوم Ba 2+ = مولار والآن أحسب قيمة الـ pH للمحلول. الإجابة : pH = 12.55

تهمل قيمة الـ x لان قيمة Kb اصغر من 1 What is the pH of a 0.40 M Ammonia solution? (if the K b = 1.8 x ) (a) 11.43(b) 12.43(c) 2.57(d) 3.57 NH 3 + H 2 O NH HO - 0.4M 1M – x 1M x x K b = [x][x] ÷ [0.4-x] = 1.8 x X 2 = 1.8 x X 0.4 = 7.2 X X = 7.2 X 10-6 = 2.68 X pOH = - log 2.68 x = 2.57 pH = = حل آخر : يتم تطبيق المعادلة التالية مباشرة وهي = 1.8 x X 0.4 = 2.7 x pH = -log 2.7 x = 2.57 pH = = 11.43

يتم التطبيق المباشر على حيث المعطاة بالمسألة هي : ثابت الاتزان للقاعدة الضعيفة الأمونيا K b = 1.8 x وتركيزها C b = 0.10 مولار M ]HO[ -310   مثال : محلول 0.10 مولار من الأمونيا ثابت تأينه K b = 1.8 x احسب قيم pH و pOH للمحلول. pOH = - log x = 2.87 pH = 14 – 2.87 = 11.13