Neutral Winds in the Upper Atmosphere Qian Wu National Center for Atmospheric Research.

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Presentation transcript:

Neutral Winds in the Upper Atmosphere Qian Wu National Center for Atmospheric Research

Outline Overview of the upper atmosphere. Ozone heating. Neutral wind tides (the strongest dynamic feature). Why do we need to understand upper atmospheric winds? How do we measure upper atmospheric winds? Observational results. Satellite and Balloon borne instruments.

Upper Atmosphere

Temperature Profile

Forbes, Comparative Aeronomy, 2002

Hagan et al. Global Scale Wave Model (GSWM, March)

Hagan et al. GSWM (March)

Semidiurnal Tide in Meridional Winds Hagan et al. GSWM (June)

Phase Comparison

Coriolis Force Effect on Tidal Phase Velocity Coriolis force MeridionalZonal In the Northern Hemisphere In the Southern Hemisphere

Dynamics Equations

Tidal Wave Function

Migrating tidesNonmigrating tides Sun-synchronous westward non Sun-synchronous westward, eastward, standing zonal wavenumber: 1/period(days) (diurnal tide : 1 semidiurnal: 2) zonal wavenumber: any radiative forcing, …latent heat PW/tidal interaction, … comparable to / exceed the migrating tide longitude modulation

Why do we need to know upper atmosphere neutral wind tide? Tides are generated in the stratosphere and strongly affected by changes in that region such as: –Gravity wave activities, –Quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in the equatorial region –Sudden stratosphere warming in the high latitudes Long term trends in tides may be linked with changes in the stratosphere. Tides also have a great impact on the equatorial ionosphere through dynamo effect.

Neutral Wind Measurement

Airglow A view from Space Shuttle

Airglow Emission Rates Altitude (km) O 5577A OH 8920 A O2 (0,1) 8650A Na 5893 A 97 km 86 km

Thermosphere Airglow Emission Rates Altitude (km) O 6300 A

Airglow Emission Sources at Night O 6300 Å red line Dissociative recombination Collisional deactivation of N2 O 5577 Å green line Electron impact OH emission

Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FPI)

Etalon

Fabry-Perot Fringe Pattern

FPI Configuration Highlights Computerized micrometer Daily laser calibration High degree automation Michigan heritage NCAR enhancement Major Components Sky scanner Filters & filter wheel Etalon & chamber Thermal & pressure control Focusing lens Detector Computer system

Instrument Operation FPI OH Airglow Layer North WestEast South Zenith 87 km 174 km 45 deg (a) (b) 174 km

FPI at Resolute

Instrument Electronics

FPI Operational Mode Emission Integration time Wind ErrorsAltitude OH 8920 A3 minutes6 m/s87 km O 5577 A3 minutes1 m/s97 km O 6300 A5 minutes2-6 m/s250 km

FPI Fringes Laser

Mesospheric Wind Semidiurnal Tide

Lower Thermospheric Wind Semidiurnal tide

TIMED Fact Sheet

Limb-Scan Measurements Airglow layer

The TIMED Doppler Interferometer (TIDI) is a Fabry-Perot interferometer for measuring winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Primary measurement: Global neutral wind field, 60–120 km Primary emission observed: O 2 1  (0-0) P9 Additional emissions observed: O 2 1  (0-0) P15, O 2 1  (0-1) P7, O( 1 S) “green line” The TIDI Instrument Telescope Assembly Profiler

TIDI Measurement Viewing Directions minutes Satellite Travel direction

TIDI Local Time Coverage Day Shifting 12 minutes per day in local time

TIDI Coldside Wind Vectors

TIDI Warmside Wind Vectors

TIDI Observations

Model Winds (GSWM) Oberheide and Hagan

Stratosphere Balloon Borne Fabry-Perot Interferometer Allow daytime observation of thermospheric winds due to low solar scatter background at high altitudes. Inexpensive compared to satellite instrument.

Summary  Upper atmospheric winds contain strong global scale waves (e.g. tides).  Tides are related to changes in the stratosphere and can affect the ionosphere.  Upper atmospheric winds are the key to a better understanding of the ionosphere.  There is a lack of observation upper atmospheric winds on a global scale.  I see a great opportunity for future balloon and satellite missions.