March 13 th, 2007 by Indraneel Kumar, AICP; Spatial and GIS Analyst Christine Nolan, Senior Associate Purdue Center for Regional Development Purdue University Commuting Patterns in Indiana: A GIS Approach Acknowledgements: Eda Unal, Graduate Research Assistant, Purdue Center for Regional Development, Purdue University

What is Commuting? Movement / travel for a “trip” purpose Movement / travel for a “trip” purpose Work purpose- “Place of Work” and “Place of Residence” Work purpose- “Place of Work” and “Place of Residence” Trip purpose could be shopping, school, recreational, social, etc. Trip purpose could be shopping, school, recreational, social, etc. Each trip has an “origin” and “destination” Each trip has an “origin” and “destination” A trip could be “unlinked” or “linked” A trip could be “unlinked” or “linked”

Parameters Purpose Purpose Travel time- peak/non-peak Travel time- peak/non-peak Travel mode Travel mode Drove alone vs. Drove alone vs. car/van pooling Source: FHWA, FTA, DOT

Nationally, average travel time for commuting to job (workers 16 years and over) was 26 minutes in 2000 Nationally, average travel time for commuting to job (workers 16 years and over) was 26 minutes in 2000 In 1990, 22 minutes In 1990, 22 minutes About 76 % workers (who did not work at home) drove alone in 2000 About 76 % workers (who did not work at home) drove alone in 2000 In 1990, 73% In 1990, 73% At a Glance Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Decennial Census

At a Glance Based on American Community Survey In 2005, average travel time for commuting to job is 25.1 minutes In 2005, average travel time for commuting to job is 25.1 minutes About 77% workers (who did not work at home) drove alone to work About 77% workers (who did not work at home) drove alone to work Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS), 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS), 1995 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Bureau of Transportation Statistics

Data Characteristics Census Transportation Planning Package, 2000 Available from Federal Highway Administration, U.S. DOT Available from Federal Highway Administration, U.S. DOT Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Transtats Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Transtats Based on Census 2000 Long Form Questionnaire Based on Census 2000 Long Form Questionnaire 1 in 6 households in the U.S. covered by the survey 1 in 6 households in the U.S. covered by the survey Various data products- Place of Residence, Place of Work, Journey to Work Flow Tables Various data products- Place of Residence, Place of Work, Journey to Work Flow Tables County-County Worker Flows County-County Worker Flows

County-County Worker Flows Place of Residence and Place of Work Counties Commuter Flow methodology by FHWA Commuter Flow methodology by FHWA Available at Available at Data available at 0/commuting.html Data available at 0/commuting.html 0/commuting.html 0/commuting.html Select the whole State (Indiana) Select the whole State (Indiana) ---- Residence County ---- Work County

Simple Mapping of Net- Commuting

County-County Worker Flows Converting the Excel file into “line feature class” - Convert County Boundary into Center-Point feature class - Excel into DBF IV - Join center-point table to DBF to populate coordinates - Join Indiana counties as residence and then as workplace - Each pair of Indiana counties has two entries - Convert the DBF IV into “flow line” - Query and refine Tools Used: ET Geo Wizards, ArcGIS Toolbox

Process

Process

Process

Join by using Res_StCo (Residence State and counties) to populate the Indiana counties Join by using Res_StCo (Residence State and counties) to populate the Indiana counties If Indiana counties are residence- they are populated (2,555 out of 5,239 records in total) If Indiana counties are residence- they are populated (2,555 out of 5,239 records in total) Fill in X and Y Coordinates Fill in X and Y Coordinates Export as Indiana Residence Counties (DBF) file Export as Indiana Residence Counties (DBF) file Join by using Wrk_StCo (Work State and counties) to populate the Indiana counties Join by using Wrk_StCo (Work State and counties) to populate the Indiana counties All work counties are Indiana counties- each record is populated (5,239 records in total) All work counties are Indiana counties- each record is populated (5,239 records in total) Fill in X and Y Coordinates Fill in X and Y Coordinates Export as Indiana Work Counties (DBF) file Export as Indiana Work Counties (DBF) file Process

Add Indiana Residence Counties (DBF) and Indiana Work Counties (DBF) as Event Themes Add Indiana Residence Counties (DBF) and Indiana Work Counties (DBF) as Event Themes County center points outside of Indiana will come the origin (0,0) County center points outside of Indiana will come the origin (0,0) Put Spatial Reference- projection system Put Spatial Reference- projection system Origin (0,0) Process

Merge the Two Event Themes by using “Merge Function” in ArcGIS Toolbox Merge the Two Event Themes by using “Merge Function” in ArcGIS Toolbox Since “fields names” for both the themes are constant, this results into 10,478 records or two tables are merged into one “feature class” Since “fields names” for both the themes are constant, this results into 10,478 records or two tables are merged into one “feature class” Each unique id. (Residence State-Residence County-Work State- Work County) will be repeated twice, only X and Y coordinates will change Each unique id. (Residence State-Residence County-Work State- Work County) will be repeated twice, only X and Y coordinates will change If Residence and Work Counties are same- X and Y coordinates remain the same If Residence and Work Counties are same- X and Y coordinates remain the same ET Geo Wizards “Point to Polyline” ET Geo Wizards “Point to Polyline” A flow-line is created between each Residence-Work County pairs (5,239 lines) A flow-line is created between each Residence-Work County pairs (5,239 lines) Commuters coming from Residence County outside of state receives origin (0,0) coordinate as one end Commuters coming from Residence County outside of state receives origin (0,0) coordinate as one end Populate commuter count data by joining the tables Populate commuter count data by joining the tables Process

Process Within County and County to County Journey to Work (JTW)

Commuting Patterns

Interstates

State Highways

Inferences Generally, small dots represent bedroom communities and large dots are major employment centers (Marion County) Flow direction is from small dots to large dots Flow direction is from small dots to large dots Reverse flow is small and hidden beneath the larger flow Reverse flow is small and hidden beneath the larger flow small dots connected to other small dots represent rural regions small dots connected to other small dots represent rural regions Forms of major metropolitan areas emerge by using the Flow Maps Forms of major metropolitan areas emerge by using the Flow Maps

Counties Queries at a county level is possible Queries at a county level is possible

Commuting to-from neighboring states Commuting to-from neighboring states

Metropolitan Areas

Lake County as Residence-origin Lake County as Residence-origin Lake County as Work-destination Lake County as Work-destination

Further Explorations? Integrate other transportation variables Means of Transportation Means of Transportation Travel Time Travel Time Lower Geographies- Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZs) Lower Geographies- Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZs) Interactive GIS Database Interactive GIS Database Other Methods of Flow Mapping Other Methods of Flow Mapping Movement of Goods Movement of Goods Exploring Tobler’s Flow Mapper Exploring Tobler’s Flow Mapper

Further Explorations? Tobler’s Flow Mapper Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science (CSISS), University of California, Santa Barbara Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science (CSISS), University of California, Santa Barbara Movement Mapping- Migration, Flow of $, Journal Citations Movement Mapping- Migration, Flow of $, Journal Citations Source: Prof. Waldo Tobler

Thank you! Indraneel Kumar Purdue Center for Regional Development Purdue University 1201 W. State Street West Lafayette, IN Office: PCRD (7273) Toll Free: PCRD (7273) Fax: Tel: