The Roaring 20 ’ s An era of prosperity, Republican power, and conflict

The 1920 Election Why did Harding’s “Return to “Normalcy”appeal ?

Politics of the 1920s Return to conservative “hands off” government - very pro-business 3 consecutive Republican presidential victories Return of “small government” Federal spending dropped from a high of $18.5 billion in 1919 to an average of $3 billion in the 1920s

Warren Harding Republican Senator from Ohio. Mixed Cabinet: –Charles Evans Hughes, Hebert Hoover, Andrew Mellon –“Ohio gang” Reduced income tax Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act of 1922 Bureau of the Budget Pardoned Debs Dies in office in 1923 from heart failure

Teapot Dome Scandal Teapot Dome, Wyoming- gov. owned oil fields Sec. of Interior Albert Fall leased the land to oil executives who bribed him. Fall became 1 st cabinet officer to go to jail. Attorney General Harry Daugherty - bribed not to prosecute certain criminals

Calvin Coolidge “Silent Cal” Cuts spending further Vetoes World War I veterans bonus bills & McNary-Haugen Bill of 1928 Wins reelection in 1924 against conservative Dem. John Davis but does not run for reelection in “The business of America is business!!” “You build a factory you build a temple. He who works there worships there.”

Foreign Policy Tensions InterventionismDisarmament Collective security Collective security “Wilsonianism” “Wilsonianism” Business interests Business interests Isolationism Isolationism Nativists Nativists Anti-War movement Anti-War movement Conservative Republicans Conservative Republicans

Washington Disarmament Conference ( ) * Harding Sec. of State Charles Evans Hughes 5 Goals  naval disarmament and the political situation in the Far East. 5 Agreed to respect possessions in Pacific & Open Door Policy

Five-Power Treaty (1922) 5 A battleship ratio was achieved through this ratio: US Britain Japan France Italy Japan got a guarantee that the US and Britain would stop fortifying their Far East territories [including the Philippines]. 5 Loophole  no restrictions on small warships

European Debts to the US

Hyper-Inflation in Germany: 1923

Dawes Plan (1924) - Circular Loans

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) 5 15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as tools of foreign policy nations signed. 5 Problems  no means of actual enforcement and gave Americans a false sense of security.

Andrew Mellon - Secretary of Treasury to Harding, Coolidge & Hoover 1.One of the richest men in America 2. Cut corporate taxes on large corporations 3. Reduced income tax on wealthiest of America “Give tax breaks to large corporations, so that money can trickle down to the general public, in the form of extra jobs.” “Give tax breaks to large corporations, so that money can trickle down to the general public, in the form of extra jobs.”

The New Economy 1.Increasing Industrialization - nations manufacturing rose by 60% in the 1920s 2. Rapid Urbanization - for the 1st time more live in cities than in rural areas 3.Increasing size and power of the Middle Class - Per capita income increased by 30% 4. Unemployment below 4% 5. Indoor plumbing, central heating & 2/3 of all homes had electricity

Consumer Economy

Rise of the Automobile 1.In the 1920s Americans owned 80% of the world’s cars Million registered in 1929 compared with 1.2 million In General Motors founded by William Durant, and improved by Alfred P. Sloan - largest automobile manufacturer and 5th largest company in America by 1920

Age of Prosperity Rise of millionaires and billionaires, but Extreme maldistribution of wealth Top 0.1% had combined income of bottom 42% of Americans.

New Economy Trade associationsTrade associations “welfare capitalism”“welfare capitalism” “Pink collar” jobs“Pink collar” jobs “American Plan” - open shop“American Plan” - open shop Farmers struggle - call for “parity”Farmers struggle - call for “parity” Unions struggle post Red Scare - membership declines 20%Unions struggle post Red Scare - membership declines 20%

18th Amendment Prohibition & Volstead Act Ratified in 1919, in effect January 1920 (passed over Wilson’s Veto) What were the intended goals? What were the results? 21 st Amendment 1933

“ You can get much further with a kind word and a gun than you can with a kind word alone. ”

1920's also brought about great changes for women th Amendment more women worked outside the home more women went to college and joined the professions characterized by the FLAPPER/ "new woman" –(bobbed hair, short dresses, smoked in public...)

Black Americans in this period continued to live in poverty sharecropping kept them in de facto slavery boll weevil wiped out the cotton crop white landowners went bankrupt & forced blacks off their land

Movement of African- Americans from the South to Urban areas of United States More than 1.5 million 1914 – 1930 Escape racism, find better jobs, overall better life in the North

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People James Weldon Johnson was instrumental in increasing the NAACP's membership from 9,000 to almost 90,000.

Marcus Garvey - Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) Black pride "Our union must know no clime, boundary, or nationality… to let us hold together under all climes and in every country…" “Back to Africa Movement” Black Star line attracted many investments: government charged him with fraud eventually deported to Jamaica, but his organization continued to exist

The 20’s is The Jazz Age The Flappers make up cigarettes short skirts Musicians Louis Armstrong Duke Ellington Writers F. Scott Fitzgerald Ernest Hemingway

Culture of the Roaring 20’s Radio KDKA Pittsburgh GE, Westinghouse,& RCA form NBC Silent Movies Charlie Chaplin “ Talkies ” The Jazz Singer Starring Al Jolson Mary Pickford “ America ’ s Sweetheart ”

“Blue Skies” by Irving Berlin Blue skies smiling at me Nothing but blue skies do I see Bluebirds singing a song Nothing but bluebirds all day long Never saw the sun shining so bright Never saw things going so right Noticing the days hurrying by When you're in love, my how they fly Blue days, all of them gone Nothing but blue skies from now on

1 st Radio Broadcast At 6:00pm, on Tuesday, November 2, 1920, a few men in a shack in Pittsburg changed the course of history. By million radios and 800 stations including NBC (1924) and CBS (1927)

Celebrity “Heroes” Babe Ruth &Ty Cobb Jack Dempsey Charles Lindbergh The Spirit of St. Louis

1 st person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean by 33 hours and 39 minutes Received a prize of $25,000 Parades larger than those for WWI veterans Why the big deal?

The Jazz Singer (1927) The 1 st feature length motion picture with synchronized dialogue. Starred Al Jolson Marked the decline of the silent film era

Election of 1928 Herbert Hoover Republican Al Smith Democratic Party Catholic Tammany Hall “A Chicken in Every Pot. A car in every garage” “Associationalism”

But Al Smith wins nearly every major city. Why did he lose the rural vote?

Anti-Immigrant “100% Americanism” Emergency immigration Act of sets up quota system - 3% of nationality National Origins Act of % of 1890 & no East Asian immigrants at all limit to 150,000 year

The Ku Klux Klan Great increase In power Anti-black Anti-immigrant Anti-women ’ s suffrage Anti-bootleggers Anti-Semitic Anti-Catholic Grand Dragon David Stephenson

Scopes “Monkey” Trial Evolution vs. Creationism Dayton, Tennessee Famous Lawyers Science vs. Religion John Scopes High School Biology teacher Darrow vs. Bryan