Functional Groups – Page 3 Functional group - a specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound, that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions. Most organic chemistry involves substituents often contain O, N, S, or P

Same Functional Group Will have the same non- hydrocarbon group Will have similar chemical properties

Alcohols – Page 3 Alcohols - Organic compounds with an -OH group The -OH functional group in alcohols is called a “hydroxyl” group; thus R-OH is the formula How is this different from the hydroxide ion? (covalent bonding with the carbon- not ionic with a metal like bases)

Alcohols For IUPAC: Drop the -e ending of the parent alkane name; add ending of -ol, number the position of -OH

Alcohol Example

Alcohols The hydroxyl is given the lowest position number Alcohols containing 2, 3, and 4 of the -OH substituents are named diols, triols, and tetrols respectively

Alcohol Examples

Classification of Alcohols – Page 4

Ethers – Page 5 Organic compounds in which oxygen is bonded to 2 carbon groups: R-O- R is formula R and R’ could be two different alkyl chains.

Naming Ethers Name the two alkyl chains on each side of the Oxygen. Add –yl ending. Name the longest chain first and shorter chain second. Combine the two names and add ether.

Naming Ethers

Aldehydes (p. 9)  Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to the beginning (1 st Carbon) or end (last Carbon) of a parent carbon chain.  General form: OO R-C-H H-C-R  Naming:  Drop the “e” from the alkane name and add “al”

Example O C-C-H Ethane ( - e ) add al Ethanal

Name: O C O C-C-C-C 2-methyl-1,4-butanedial (you are supposed to keep the “e”)

Ketones (p. 10)  Organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to carbons within the parent carbon chain (not at the beginning or end).  General form: O R-C-R’  Naming:  Drop the “e” from the alkane name and add “one”.  “one” is pronouced “own”  Give the position # for the carbonyl.

Example: O C-C-C 2-propanone

Example: C O O C-C-C-C-C-C 5-methyl-2,3-hexanedione

Carboxylic Acids (p. 11)  Carboxyl group: O or O -C-OH HO-C-  Organic compounds that contain a carboxyl functional group.  Can only be on the ends.

Carboxylic Acids (p. 11) O  General formula: R-C-OH  Naming: o If one carboxyl group Drop the “e” from the alkane name and add “-oic acid”. (No number needed for the carboxyl group)

Example: O C-C-C-C-C-C-OH hexanoic acid

Example: C O C-C-C-C-C-C-OH 5-methyl hexanoic acid

o If more that one carboxyl group. One on each end of the parent chain. -dioic acid.

Example: O HO-C-C-C-C-OH 1,4-butanedioic acid