Rupa Tiwari, CSci5980 Fall 2010

 Course Material Classification  GIS Encyclopedia Articles  Classification Diagram  Course – Encyclopedia Mapping  Modeling with ISO 191xx Standards  Societal & Computer Science Motivation  ISO 191xx Article in Detail  References

Text Chapter 7, GIS Architectures Modularity & Interoperability 7.1 Hybrid and Integrated architectures 7.2 Syntactic and Semantic Heterogeneity 7.3 Distributed Systems 7.4 Distributed Databases 7.5 Location-aware computing

 National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI)  Modeling with ISO 191xx Standards (ISO)  OGC's Open Standards for Geospatial Interoperability (OWS)  Critical Evaluation of Remote Sensing Standards (RS Std)  ArcGIS: General Purpose GIS Software System (ArcGIS)  Intergraph: Real Time Operational Geospatial Applications (Intergraph)  University of Minnesota Map Server (Map Server)  Mobile P2P Databases (P2P)

GIS Architecture Encyclopedia Articles Standards NSDI, ISO, RS Std Distributed Systems OWS Practical Applications ArcGIS, Intergraph, Map Server Commercial ArcGIS, Intergraph Open Source Map Server Distributed Databases P2P [Note: Cell color darkens with further classifications]

Text Chapter 7, GIS Architectures Modularity & Interoperability 7.1 Hybrid, Integrated and Composable architectures 7.2 Syntactic and Semantic Heterogeneity 7.3 Distributed Systems 7.4 Distributed Databases 7.5 Location-aware computing NSDI, ISO, RS Std OWS P2P ArcGIS, Intergraph, Map Server [Note: Topics in dark and bold font are not in our text book. Relevant encyclopedia articles depicted in cells.]

 ISO 191xx standards provide a structure for application development related to geographic data and refer to existing standards in IT and communications like W3C, OMG, IETF, OASIS etc.  Collaborative effort of ISO Technical Committee 211 and Open Geospatial Consortium.  Aim is to reduce the inconsistency between de jure and de facto standards.  Metadata refers to the content, structure, semantics, lineage, quality, vintage, resolution and distribution format etc.  Conceptual models, conceptual schemas, application schemas, database models, data dictionaries, feature catalogs etc are the approaches to document the geographic information metadata. [ISO191xx suite of standards details at

Interoperability of geographic information Geographic Information Database Design Geographic Information Data Modeling. Disaster Management, Traffic Management etc applications which need to integrate data from different sources like roads, drainage, satellite images, relief etc. Geographic Metadata Producers and Users of Society

ISO/TS Conceptual Schema Language ISO19107 Spatial Schema ISO19108 Temporal Schema ISO19109 Rules for Application Schema ISO19110 Methodology for Feature Cataloging ISO19111 Spatial Referencing by Coordinates ISO19112 Spatial Referencing by Geographic Identifiers ISO19115 Metadata ISO19135 Procedures for Item Registration

UML is used as the conceptual modeling language. The standard also includes definitions of a number of data types which provide a common ground for the representation of attributes and values. The figure illustrates that the class EX_Bridge has an attribute structure of type Ex_BridgeStructure. EX_BridgeStructure is a codelist and enumerated are its acceptable values.

The geometric and topological characteristics that are needed to describe geographic features spatially. They provide all components needed to depict the shape and the location of simple geographic features such as buildings, rivers etc. The figure represents basic geometric primitives

Defines primitives, topological primitives and topological complexes for the description of the temporal characteristics. The figure shows the temporal primitives, TM_instant and TM_period.

Defines a number of rules to develop and maintain consistent application schemas. An application schema is a conceptual schema or model for geographic data that is required by one or more applications. The figure illustrates an example of application schema

Mechanism for the documentation of the semantics of all application schema elements. A feature catalog includes a description of itself, feature types, feature property type, feature operations, relationships and association roles etc. The figure shows the feature catalog of road-bridge example.

Provides the mechanism for describing a Coordinate Reference System (CRS).

Spatial referencing by Geographic Identifiers specifies a mechanism and components to describe geographic references based on geographic identifiers.

Sets the content and structure of geographic metadata. It covers topics like identification, constraints, quality, lineage, maintenance, spatial representation, reference system, content, portrayal, distribution and application schema.

Procedures to be followed in establishing, maintaining and publishing registers of unique, unambiguous and permanent identifiers, and meanings that are assigned to items of geographic information.

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