Foundations 10,000 B.C.E – 750 B.C.E

Basics B.C.E= Before the Common Era C.E= Common Era B.C.= Before Christ A.D.= Anno Domini (in the year of our lord) Seventeenth century= 1600s Sixteenth century=1500s Fifteenth century=1400s Etc…

Eras in world history Foundations – 10,000 B.C.E to 600 B.C.E. Classical period B.C.E. to 600 C.E. Post Classical period C.E. to 1450 C.E. Early Modern Period – 1450 – 1750 C.E. Modern Period – 1750 to 1900 C.E. The Contemporary world – 1900 to Present

Paleolithic – Old Stone age – Hunting and Gathering – More egalitarian (men and women relatively equal) why? Neolithic – New Stone Age – Agriculture- 10,000 B.C.E. – Domesticated animals – Metalworking – why important? – Permanent villages – Male dominance

Writing Cuneiform -Oldest in the World -Wedge depressions in clay tablets -Formed from a reed stylus -Most important contribution

The Code of Hammurabi – Early set of written laws – 282+ laws – “Eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth” – Demonstrates social stratification and inequalities

Vocab Artisan Surplus Sedentary Urbanization Stratification/Social stratification Hierarchy

River Valley Civilizations

The Nile River Egypt was called “The Gift of the Nile” Without the Nile, Egyptian civilization would not have developed Regular flood patterns Compare to Mesopotamia?

Egypt’s Geography Egypt’s natural defenses – Sahara Desert – Nile Cataracts – Result?

Writing Hieroglyphics- originally pictograms; evolved to contain some phonetic elements Papyrus Early writing was used for business and administration Eventually used for stories, prayers, laws and instructions Rosetta Stone - translation

The Indus Valley Civilization Located along the Indus river in modern-day Pakistan 3300–1300 BCE, flowered 2600–1900 BCE Flourished for 1000 years, then disappeared without a trace Major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

Harappa Mohenjo-Daro India

Evidence of limited contact

Features Well-organized cities – Laid out in a grid pattern, i.e. they were? – Had toilets, plumbing and irrigation

Indus Valley writing has yet to be deciphered