1. Indus River Valley

2. Harappan Culture Indus valley ◦ not desert ◦ well-watered and heavily forested 500 miles along the river valley ◦ 10-20 times larger than Mesopotamia or Egypt

4. Harappa Society The Indus River ◦Silt from mountains carried by river to the farmlands of the Indus River Valley. ◦Water for household, irrigation and fishing ◦Each city focused on flood control ◦Provided access to ocean for international trade Major cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro ◦First urban society Time Frame: 2600 BCE – 1300BCE A great deal of industry and trade found in civilization Video Overview (9:36)

5. Lack of Sources It was a literate culture ◦ Modern man cannot read the writing ◦ Most writing found on bricks and seals ◦ Did not use paper or clay tablets

6. “Unicorn” seal + writing

7. More seals

8. …and more seals...

9. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa are possible capital cities

10. Mohenjo-Daro Ruins Population of about 40,000 Urban center for trade and dwelling Broad streets, citadel, pool, sewage drains, storage, and housing Standardized weights evident throughout region Specialized labor

11. Grid map of Mohenjo-daro

12. Mohenjo-daro : aerial view

13. Street Level View

14. Mud bricks and flat roofs

15. Mohenjo-daro view of the “Citadel”

16. The “Great Bath”

17. looks like a small tower, but actually it is a neighborhood well

18. A public well in Harappa, or perhaps an ancient laundromat...

19. A large drain or sewer

20. Harappan granary

21. Housing very densely populated houses: two to three stories every house is laid out the same Courtyard at center for air and privacy No windows at the street level They have well laid out plumbing and drainage system, including indoor toilets.

22. view of a small, side street in a residential area. Notice that there are no windows to the street.

23. A bathroom on a private residence

24. Agricultural Products advanced agriculture surplus production textiles: wool and cotton domesticated animals and fish

25. Trade Goods Gold Precious Stones Ivory Peacocks Cotton Beads Jewelry

26. Weights Cubical weights in graduated sizes

27. Lothal

28. Lothal

29. Trading Partners http://www.imninalu.net/IndusValley.htm

30. Transportation Most boats were small, flat-bottomed craft with one sail Overland trade was done by cart

31. Decline: Combination of Changes climate shift: the monsoon patterns flooding destruction of the forests migrations of new peoples: the Aryans

32. Modern Harappan sites rediscovered in 1920’s More than 1000 settlements have been discovered over 400,000 square miles