Psychology 3051 Psychology 305A: Theories of Personality Lecture 2 1

2 Scoring Your Questionnaire: BFT In order to score your questionnaire, you must compute 5 scores. Score 1: Sum items 1, 6, 11, 16, 21 Score 2: Sum items 2, 7, 12, 17, 22 Score 3: Sum items 3, 8, 13, 18, 23 Score 4: Sum items 4, 9, 14, 19, 24 Score 5: Sum items 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 2

3 1. Join us for a Psychology Learning Smackdown on Arts Co-op, Arts Internship, Arts Tri-Mentoring, Community- Based Experiential Learning, and Go Global. At the session you will learn about each of these programs, the types of work and experiences you can expect, and more! When: September 20th, 5:00-6:30PM Where: Room 261, IBLC (Irving K. Barber Learning Centre) Announcements

What’s important in my career and my life? Start with Arts Co-op!  Explore career goals and interests  Gain months of paid experience before graduation  Build a professional network Application Deadline: Wednesday, September 4pm Info Sessions by Dept GEOGSept 1312:30pmGEOG 147 ENGLSept 1712:00pmBUTO 599 CNRSSept 175:00pmBUCH B210 PSYCSept 205:00pmIBLC 261 General Info Sessions Sept 124:00pmIBLC 261 Sept 2012:30pmIBLC 261 Sept 243:00pmIBLC 182

5 2. The Psychology Department’s Undergraduate Journal Club is looking for motivated students to participate in meetings every third week to discuss research articles published by our faculty members. The group will be limited to 30 students, with two faculty advisors. Certificates will be given to students upon completion of the program. Meetings will be held on Wednesdays, 3:30-4:30 PM. Application due date: Friday, September 21st. Meeting dates and application form available through the Psychology Department homepage, see “News.”

6 1. How is research used to test theories? (continued) 2. How is personality measured? 3. How are the reliability and validity of personality measures assessed? Research Methods 6

By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 3. apply research methods to distinct hypotheses describe the goals and procedures associated with case studies. 1. interpret the coefficient of determination.

distinguish between internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, and test-retest reliability. 4. assess your scores on the RSE.

9  Correlations are typically measured by the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r): Magnitude of r: strength of linear relationship between variables. Sign of r (+ vs. -): direction of linear relationship between variables. 2. Correlational studies (continued) How is research used to test theories? (continued)

10 Height Weight r = +.83 Positive Linear Relationship 10

11 Criminal Activity Education Level Negative Linear Relationship r =

12 3. Case studies  Designed to generate theory, illustrate theory, or examine rare phenomena through in-depth analysis of one person. 12  Examples: Ted Bundy, Adolf Hitler, paranoid personality disorder.

13 Ted Bundy,

Exercise: Application of Research Methods Construct: Happiness. Possible operationalizations: Measure of life satisfaction. Measure assessing the frequency and intensity with which participants experience positive emotions (e.g., joy, contentment, excitement). Number of times participants smile. 14

People experience happiness when they have successfully influenced others’ opinions. Experimental study. HypothesisIdeal Research Method 15

Participants Group A Group B Random Assignment Treatment A Posttest A Simple Experiment Treatment B Posttest 16

People experience happiness when they have successfully influenced others’ opinions. People who report extraordinarily high levels of happiness exhibit a unique constellation of personality characteristics. People who experience high levels of happiness tend to be more optimistic. Experimental study. Case study. Correlational study. HypothesisIdeal Research Method 17

How is personality measured? Personality is measured using: 18 observer ratings (e.g., interviews, behavioural observations). implicit assessments (e.g., Rorschach Ink Blot Test, Picture Story Exercise). self-reports (most common; e.g., questionnaires).

19 Implicit Assessment: Rorschach Ink Blot Test 19

20 Using the scale below, please indicate how much you disagree or agree with the following statements. Circle the appropriate number to the right of each statement StronglyNeutralStrongly disagree agree 1. I feel that I’m a person of worth, at least on an equal basis with others …………………………… I feel that I have a number of good qualities …… All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure … I am able to do things as well as most people ……12 20 Self-Report: RSE

21 RSE: Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale.  Score by reversing “negatively-keyed” items and summing responses to 10 items.  Measures global feelings of self-worth.  Mean score for university undergraduates: 38, SD = 6.2.  Females tend to score slightly lower than males. 21

22 How are the reliability and validity of personality measures assessed? In order to accurately assess a given personality characteristic, the measure that is used must be reliable and valid.  Refers to the consistency with which a measure assesses a given construct across repeated measurements. Reliability 22

23  Reliability is assessed in three ways. 1.Internal consistency: Relevant for multi-item measures (e.g., questionnaires). Reflects the degree to which the items that comprise the measure produce similar responses (i.e., tap the same underlying construct). 23

24 Using the scale below, please indicate how much you disagree or agree with the following statements. Circle the appropriate number to the right of each statement StronglyNeutralStrongly disagree agree 1. I feel that I’m a person of worth, at least on an equal basis with others …………………………… I feel that I have a number of good qualities …… All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure … I am able to do things as well as most people ……12 24 Self-Report: RSE

25 2.Inter-rater reliability: Relevant when observe ratings are obtained from two or more observers. 25

26 Reflects the degree to which the scores provided by different observers are consistent with one another (i.e., the degree to which there is consensus among the observers). Involves calculating the correlation between the scores provided by different observers. 26

27 3.Test-retest reliability: Relevant for all types of measures. Reflects the degree to which participants’ scores on the measure at time 1 are consistent with their scores on the measure at time 2. Involves calculating the correlation between participants’ scores on successive test administrations (i.e., their scores at time 1 and their scores at time 2). 27

28 1. How is research used to test theories? (continued) 2. How is personality measured? 3. How are the reliability and validity of personality measures assessed? Research Methods 28