History of Research Project on CCA-Treated Wood Presented January 10, 2003 Coral Gables, Florida

Funding Received from Florida Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Mngt. Florida Power and Light Sarasota County Florida Department of Environmental Protection Florida International University/NIEHS Rutgers University/NIEHS

Helena Solo-Gabriele, Ph.D., P.E., Assoc. Prof., Civil/Environ. Engrg Lora Fleming, M.D., Ph.D. Assoc. Prof., Epidemiology/PH Timothy Townsend, Ph.D. Assoc. Prof., Environ/Solid Waste Engrg Yong Cai, Ph.D. Assist. Prof., Chemistry Active Faculty Researchers

Students Supported on Project  Sean Bennie  Kenneth Brown  Vandin Calitu  Zhangrong Chen  Brajesh Dubey  Tim Franklin  Kelvin Gary  Myron Georgiadis  Naila Hosein  Kendiro Iida  Gary Jacobi  Jenna Jambeck  Bernine Khan  Monika Kormienko  Brian Messick  Tom Moskal  Jennifer Penha  Donna May Sakura  Catalina Santamaria  Ajay Seth  Tomoyuki Shibata  Jin-Kun Song  Kristin Stook  Sheena Szuri  Thabet Tolaymat  Lakmini Wadanambi

Background  CCA-Treated Wood is the most common wood preservative used today  CCA ---> Chromated Copper Arsenate

Background Above Ground Structural Poles Saltwater Splash Saltwater Immersion Pole/Pilings pcf = pounds of CCA per cubic foot of wood

Background  As toxic to humans, carcinogen Cr toxic to humans, carcinogen Cu toxic to aquatic organisms  Soil background levels for As in Florida are low  Strict disposal guidelines

Original Motivation For Project Ash Disposal Problem

Year 1 ( )

Year 1: Disposal Forecast

C&D Landfill MSW Landfill C&D Debris Recycling Facilities CCA-Wood Removed from Service Processed Wood (6% CCA in 1996) Land Application Wood Fuel Facility Ash

Year 2 ( )

Year 2 Develop Tools for Disposal End Management  Leaching Studies, ash  Hazardous when CCA-treated wood represents 5% of wood burned  Solvents can extract metals from ash, citric acid very promising (40 to 100% As removed) > Explore Potential Recycling?

Year 2 (continued)  Sorting Studies, Laboratory  Chemical stains, low capital cost labor intensive  X-ray methods, high capital cost suitable for on-line system UntreatedTreated

Year 3 ( )

Year 3  Disposal-End Management  Field Demonstration of Sorting Technologies Stains suitable for sorting small quantities of wood  Evaluation of Pyrolysis Technology Appears promising for ultimate disposal  Resource book for Wood Disposal Sector

Year 3 (Continued)  Alternative Chemicals  Four Promising Alternative Chemicals for CCA: ACQ, CBA, CC, CDDC  All standardized for applications requiring 0.25 & 0.4 pcf Comparable to CCA: efficacy  Leach less As but generally more Cu  Cost 10 to 30% more at retail establishment

Ash Problem Inventory Sorting Lab Ash Char & Trt Sorting Field Alt. Chem. Lit Review Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

The Research Team Was Invited to the Minnesota Proceedings  Minnesota’s Listed Metals Advisory Council [Cd, Pb, Hg, and Cr(VI)]  Speciation Debated  In-Service Issues Debated  Lack of Scientific Data

Year 3 Supplemental  Impacts of CCA on Soil during In-Service Use  Use Sectors for CCA-Treated Wood  Leaching of CCA-treated Wood and C&D Debris Wood Mulch  Literature Reviews, Alt. Chem. Cr & As Speciation Minnesota Lit Reviews Alt Chem, As, Cr Spec Deck Study Leaching Wood & Mulch Use Sectors

Leaching of CCA During In- Service Use Year 3 Supplemental

Leaching of CCA-Treated Wood During In-Service Use Year 3 Supplemental

Chemicals Do Leach from CCA-treated Wood During In-Service Use Leaching of CCA-Treated Wood During In-Service Use Not CCA-Treated FDEP Industrial SCTL

Leaching of CCA-Treated Wood During In-Service Use Approximately 39 square miles of Florida land covered by CCA-treated decks. Top 8 inches of this area would correspond to 60 million tons of soil.

Use Sectors for CCA-Treated Wood Year 3 Supplemental

Use Sectors for CCA-Treated Wood Year 3 Supplemental

28,600 tons of As, Cumulative  1600 tons As imported per year In-service losses (10%): 2900 tons Disposed to date: 1600 tons Future disposal (for that imported through 2000): 24,100 tons Year 3 Supplemental

Leaching of CCA-treated Wood and C&D Debris Wood Mulch Year 3 Supplemental

Leaching of CCA-Treated Wood TCLP Limit

Leaching of Mulch SamplesNo.No. Exceeding GWCTL for As No. Exceeding GWCTL for Cr C&D Debris20185 Yard Waste311 Colored Mulch 320 Vegetative Mulch 300 Year 3 Supplemental

Ash Problem Inventory Sorting Lab Ash Char & Trt Sorting Field Alt. Chem. Lit Review Minnesota Lit Review Alt Chem, As, Cr Spec Deck Study Leaching Wood & Mulch Use Sectors Sorting Field FDEP/Sarasota Innovative Recycling Grant

laser x-ray Innovative Recycling Grant

Output signal for detection of treated wood Strobe Light On -Positive

Alt Chem Leach/Tox Under Review As & Cr Spec On-going Mulch Study Proposed Add’l Deck & Dock FIU/NIEHS On-going Disposal Assessment For Florida Recently Initiated Playground Exposure Rutgers/NIEHS Recently Initiated Ash Problem Inventory Sorting Lab Ash Char & Trt Sorting Field Alt. Chem. Lit Review Minnesota Lit Review Alt Chem, As, Cr Spec Deck Study Leaching Wood & Mulch Use Sectors Sorting Field FDEP/Sarasota Innovative Recycling Grant Completed

Alt Chem Leach/Tox Under Review As & Cr Spec On-going Mulch Study Proposed Ash Problem Inventory Sorting Lab Ash Char & Trt Sorting Field Alt. Chem. Lit Review Minnesota Lit Review Alt Chem, As, Cr Spec Deck Study Leaching Wood & Mulch Use Sectors Sorting Field FDEP/Sarasota Innovative Recycling Grant Completed Add’l Deck & Dock FIU/NIEHS On-going Playground Exposure Rutgers/NIEHS Recently Initiated Disposal Assessment For Florida Recently Initiated

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