1 The Modal Memory Model: Sensory Memory and Short-Term (Working) Memory

2 General Plan 1960s Many models of memory proposed Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) –Sensory Memory –Short-term Memory –Long-term Memory

3 William James Primary Memory Secondary Memory

4 Atkinson & Shiffrin Model of Memory (1968)

5 STM Bottleneck STM Sensory Memory Long Term Memory

6 Properties of the Different Memory Stores

7 Characteristics of the Memory Stores

8 Research on the A & S Model Serial Position Effect Recency Effect Kintsch & Buschke (1969) Behavioral Neuroscience Evidence

9 Serial Position Effect Demo

10 Serial Position Effect Graph Recency Effect Primacy Effect

11 Rundus (1971)

12 Questions How could we test the idea that the last few items are in STS? How can we test that the primacy effect represents LTS?

13 Eliminating the Recency Effect

14 Other Evidence: Kintsch & Bushchke (1969)

15 Behavioral Neuroscience Evidence for the STM-LTM Distinction H.M.- Epileptic - Temporal Lobes / Hippocampus - STM ---> LTM disrupted K.F.- Damage to Left Cerebral Cortex - LTM Normal - STM capacity severely limited

16 Behavioral Neuroscience Evidence for the STM-LTM Distinction The dog bit the man and the man died. vs. The man the dog bit died.

17 Evidence Against A & S More recent research challenges the strict coding distinction Recency Effect challenged Neuroscience evidence

18 Atkinson & Shiffrin Model of Memory (1968)

19 The Sensory Store

20 Lightning

21 Lightning Demo

22 Lightning Questions

23 Sensory Memory Sensory memory or sensory register Visual, auditory, touch, taste, smell Relatively raw, unprocessed form

24 Why Do We Need Sensory Memory? Stimuli change Maintain for selection and further processing Integrate fragments of a stimuli into a single unitary perception

25 Classic Studies Sperling (1960) Averbach & Sperling (1961)

26 A Tachistoscope

27 Tachistoscopic Display - Blank

28 * Fixation Point

29 J Z G B S X P L R M Q F Tachistoscopic Letter Display 1

30 Tachistoscopic Letter Display 1

31 Tachistoscopic Display Blank 2

32 * Fixation Point

33 Y Q C H N D R J V B K S Tachistoscopic Letter Display 2

34 Tachistoscopic Letter Display 2

35 Schematic of Typical Sperling Exp

36 Number of Letters Recalled as a Function of Technique & Delay

37 Iconic Memory 1.Location 2.Usefulness 3.Saccades 4.Nature of the code

38 1 K 5 L H J 3 B 7 D 8 T Letters & Numbers (Early vs. Late Processing Issue)

39 Demo 4.1: Examples of Sensory Memory

40 Demo 4.2 Unitary Perception from Fragments

41 Auditory Sensory Memory Neisser (1967) - Echoic memory and the echo Darwin, Turvey, & Crowder (1972) Differences from iconic memory Crowder (1982)

42 An Echoic Memory Study

43 Darwin, Turvey, & Crowder

44 Discriminating Between Two Sounds (Crowder, 1982) Graph

45 Short-Term Memory

46 Short-Term Memory Nature of Forgetting Duration Nature of Code Capacity

47 Short Term Memory Brown/Peterson & Peterson (1959) Trigram task

48 Trigrams K X J P L G S Y T H Z R

49 Brown-Peterson Results

50 STM--Nature of the code Conrad (1964) Visual display of letters Phonological confusions: (‘D’ for ‘E’ but not ‘F’ for ‘E’) Wickelgren (1965)

51 Wickelgren (1965)

52 Sensory Memory STM Long Term Memory STM Capacity Limited

53 Capacity of STM Limited Capacity (7 + 2) Digit Span Task Difficulties

54 Chunking Recoding:( > ‘1492’ Columbus) Chase & Ericsson (1982) Capacity of STM (cont.)

55 SF DIGIT SPAN DEMO

56 SF Digit Span Experiment Initial Session (8 digits): Digit Series:1, 0, 5, 3, 1, 8, 7, 4 SF’s Recall: Later Session (11 digits): Digit Series: SF’s Recall: SF’s Report:9:07 a 2-mile time Still Later Sessions (22 digits): Digit Series: SF’s Recall: / / / 870 / SF’s Report: 4:13.1 mile time 06:03 mile time 9: mile time

57 Revisions to the STM Idea

58 Brown & Peterson Revisited Decay vs. Interference Waugh & Norman (1965) - Probe digit task Varying the type of distractor task and stimulus material Keppel & Underwood (1962) PI = Proactive Interference Wickens et. al. - Release from PI

59 Digit Probe Task: Waugh & Norman (1965) 16 digits----->probe digit

60 Effect of Presentation Rate vs. Number of Interfering Items on Recall (Waugh & Norman, 1965)

61 Wickens, Born, & Allen (1963)

62 Release from Proactive Interference

63 Release from PI (Evidence for Semantic Codes)

64 Release from PI as a Function of Semantic Similarity (Based on Wickens, et al., 1976)

65 Working Memory Revision of STM 3 part system Baddeley Dual task paradigm

66 Baddeley Working Memory Model

67 Reasoning Task with Letter Recall AB ‘A’ precedes ‘B’?T or F ‘B’ is preceded by ‘A’.T or F ‘B’ does not precede ‘A’.T or F

68 Reasoning Speed and Letter Recall

69 Reasoning Times & Letter Recall Results

70 Bradimonte Et al. (1992)

71 Brandimonte (1992) 1. Study 6 pictures1. Study 6 pictures while saying “la, la, la...” 2. Create mental image, subtract a specific part, and name it. 2. Create mental image, subtract a specific part and name it. 3. Number of correct items: Number of correct items: 3.8 Condition 1Condition 2 ? Fish

72 Pronunciation Time & Memory Span

73 Memory Span and Pronunciation Rate

74 Capacity of STM