 Test for simple (reducing) sugars  Benedict’s is blue  Put test substance in a test tube with distilled water and a few drops of Benedict’s  Heat gently in a water bath for two minutes  It should change color from blue to green to yellow/orange/red  There could be an orange precipitate

 Tests for starch  Iodine is orange  Iodine can be put directly on a test substance or into a solution  Positive test is orange turns to black  Instantaneous

 Solution of NaOH and CuSO 4  Test for proteins  Put substance in a test tube and add Biuret  Color change from blue to lavender is positive  No heat but not instantaneous

 Test for fats and oils  Put substance in a container (test tube) and add ethanol (shake/crush)  Heat in a gentle water bath (not Bunsen Burner!!!)  Filter or dilute (with more ethanol) to get a clear liquid  Pour into a test tube of water  A white (milk-like) emulsion indicates presence of fats/oils

 Test for lipids  Place 1 mL of sample in 1 mL of water and mix  Add 5 drops of Sudan Red and mix  Wait 2 minutes  Lipid is present in red-stained layer