Colonialism Political, social, economic, cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time

2 MAJOR PHASES OF EUROPEAN COLONIALISM PHASE 1: 1490s—1820s Spain & Portugal colonized Central, South, and North America Spain & Portugal colonized Central, South, and North America Britain colonized North America, India, Australia (1788), parts of the Caribbean Britain colonized North America, India, Australia (1788), parts of the Caribbean Dutch colonized South Africa, Singapore Dutch colonized South Africa, Singapore France colonized Canada, parts of the Caribbean France colonized Canada, parts of the Caribbean 1800s: Independence Movements began 1800s: Independence Movements began

Islamic Civilizations  Islam spread from Arabic region (Middle East) to: North Africa, Spain, and Asia  Early civilizations: Baghdad (Iraq), Cairo (Egypt), Cordoba (Spain), Palermo (Sicily)  Baghdad (750 – 1258)  Universities  Translated texts from Greek, Roman, Hindu, & Persian cultures into Arabic; synthetic philosophy  Algebra, geometry, trigonometry, physics, astronomy, philosophy, art, architecture, medicine  Arabic = ( , Middle Ages) world’s major intellectual & scientific language & influenced the West

Western colonization  = “Crusades,” EU launched military expeditions to defeat Islamic dynasties & return Holy Land to Christian rule  EU wanted control of Eastern trade routes (spices, silk, cotton)  1400’s = Portuguese establish ports from Arabia to SE Asia, controlled spice trade  1800’s = EU colonizes Middle East: seeking raw materials & new markets

TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE: 1600—1800 Europeans captured West African slaves (c. 12 million total) (in exchange for guns, alcohol, tobacco, etc.) Europeans captured West African slaves (c. 12 million total) (in exchange for guns, alcohol, tobacco, etc.) Shipped slaves to the Americas and Caribbean Islands to work on plantations (sugar, cotton, tobacco, coffee) Shipped slaves to the Americas and Caribbean Islands to work on plantations (sugar, cotton, tobacco, coffee) Beginning of the Global Plantation Economy Beginning of the Global Plantation Economy

Suez Canal: 1869  Connects Mediterranean Sea w/Gulf of Suez in Egypt  101 miles long  immediate and dramatic effect on world trade  combined w/ American Transcontinental railroad, allowed entire world to be circled in record time  British & French owned  increased EU penetration & colonization of Africa

2 MAJOR PHASES OF EUROPEAN COLONIALISM PHASE 2: 1850s—1950s Western Europe colonized Africa, the rest of Asia, parts of the Middle East, & the Pacific Islands Western Europe colonized Africa, the rest of Asia, parts of the Middle East, & the Pacific Islands 1914: Britain and French Empires were at their height; EU Empires controlled 85% of world! 1914: Britain and French Empires were at their height; EU Empires controlled 85% of world! 1950s: Independence Movements started to succeed 1950s: Independence Movements started to succeed

 Egypt: British colony in 1882; sugar, cotton  Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco: French colonies; railroads, mining, agriculture  Iran: N. Iran was Russian colony, S. Iran was British; tobacco  SE Asia: Dutch in 1917; sugar, coffee, tobacco, indigo  Malaysia: British; tin, rubber, Chinese labor

Post-WWII colonies  French: North Africa, Lebanon, Syria  British: Egypt, Iraq, Palestine, South Asia  Dutch: SE Asia  Colonial economies based on cash crops: tea, coffee, sugar, tobacco, cotton, opium  Independence/nationalist movements, new nation-states in 1960’s: Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Indonesia, Malaysia, Kuwait, Iraq, Tunisia, Syria, Jordan

AFRICA

AFRICA CONTINENT with regions (North, South, East, West) : Colonized by Europe and US during last phase of colonialism 1807: Britain abolished slave trade 1834: Britain abolished slavery & established “legitimate trade” in cash crops, turning subsistence economies into “mono crop” economies

AFRICA 1884: “Scramble for Africa” at the Berlin Conference on West Africa : 5 EU nations—Germany, Italy, Portugal, France, Britain ( + Spain, Belgium) sliced Africa up like a pie Most African nations fought for and won independence from their colonizers in the mid-1900s 1960: Niger became independent from France

NIGER

Straddles the Sahara & Sahel Deserts Fragile environment of semi-arid brush Farming: shifting cultivation Pre-colonial Economy: trans-Saharan trade in livestock, agricultural products Colonial Economy: cowpea trade (cash crop) Vulnerable to drought & unreliable global commodity markets

Cowpeas, black-eyed peas

cowpea

NIGER Size: about twice size of TX, 1 of hottest countries in the world Capital: Niamey 2005 population estimate = 11.6 million Ethnic Groups: Hausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri Beri (Kanouri) 4.3%, Arab, Toubou, & Gourmantche 1.2%, about 1,200 French expatriates Life Expectancy = 42 years Resources: gold, uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, cowpeas, cotton, peanuts, millet, cassava, and rice

NIGER ECONOMY Exports: uranium ore, livestock products, cowpeas, onions Imports: consumer goods, machinery, vehicles and parts, gasoline, cereal 2000: Qualified for enhanced debt relief under the International Monetary Fund (IMF) program for Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Reduces Niger's annual debt: frees funds for basic health care, primary education, HIV/AIDS prevention, rural infrastructure, and other programs Half Niger’s budget: from foreign donor resources Future growth: may be sustained by exploitation of oil, gold, coal, and other mineral resources

NIGER POLITICS 1993: held first free and open elections 1996 & 1999: military coups led by Tuaregs 1999: National Reconciliation Council facilitated transition to civilian rule Since 1999: President of the Republic, Mamadou Tandja

NIGER RELIGION 80%: Muslim 20%: Christian & indigenous beliefs Fusion of the Worlds: How do the Songhay turn to their indigenous worldview and practices in order to “talk back to” the impending crises of drought and living in poverty?