4STAR: Spectrometer for Sky-Scanning, Sun-Tracking Atmospheric Research Development and Results from First Test-flights A collaboration involving: PNNL:

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Presentation transcript:

4STAR: Spectrometer for Sky-Scanning, Sun-Tracking Atmospheric Research Development and Results from First Test-flights A collaboration involving: PNNL: C. Flynn, B. Schmid, C. Kluzek NASA Ames: S. Dunagan, R. Johnson, P. Russell, and J. Redemann NASA GSFC: B. Holben

4STAR: Spectrometer for Sky-Scanning, Sun-Tracking Atmospheric Research AERONET-like capability Ground-based direct beam + sky scanning yields column- integrated properties: AOD Size distributions Single-scattering albedo Asymmetry parameter Sphericity Cloud OD 4STAR: AATS-like capability: AOD at 13 wavelengths H 2 O horizontally and vertically resolved AATS-like capability: AOD at 13 wavelengths H 2 O horizontally and vertically resolved

Meet the family…4STAR(2012- AATS-6( ) AATS-14(1996-

4STAR Integration and test flights on PNNL/Battelle G-1, Aug-Sep 2010

Anticipated 4STAR data products: Solar Direct Beam Atmospheric Transmittance Aerosol Optical Depth and Ångstrom exponent Aerosol Extinction (via aircraft vertical profiling) Gases: H 2 O, O 3, NO 2, CO 2 (column and in profile) Angularly-resolved sky radiance inversions Scattering phase function, asymmetry parameter Aerosol size distributions, fine/coarse mode fraction Aerosol sphericity Aerosol absorption Zenith radiance cloud retrievals Cloudy/clear transition zone (Marshak, Chiu) Cloud Optical Depth, Droplet effective Radius (with auxilliary measurements, Barker et al.) Water vapor, liquid water, ice water fractionation (Daniels et al.)

4STAR and its Use…

Key Technological Hurdles Sun tracking across pressure differential Entrance window contamination Fiber optic couplings with <1% calibration stability (Connections/Rotation) Irradiance calibration to 1% over a period of months. Radiance calibration to a few percent. Stray light rejection: measure skylight down to within 3° of sun Sky scan within 100 seconds (10 km in flight) Stray light inside spectrometers

Ground Prototypes (4STAR-G)

Rotating Fiber Optics Coupling Throughput Repeatability

Radiance Calibration4STAR-Ground AERONET Cimel NASA Ames 30” Sphere

4STAR-Ground AERONET Cimel Jens Redemann Roy Johnson

Stray light rejection close to Sun - old barrel

Size Distribution Retrieval using AERONET Code

Sun Photometer Inter-Comparison Experiment Mauna Loa, Aug Sep STAR Prede AATS-14 3 Cimels

Stray light inside Spectrometers 17

18 3 flights in Sep 2010: 1.Pilots only: Airworthiness certification 2.Science ops: Pasco, WA to San Jose, CA 3.Science ops: San Jose local Flights met all goals (sun tracking only). Large data set to guide improvements & test/demo flights in flights in Sep 2010: 1.Pilots only: Airworthiness certification 2.Science ops: Pasco, WA to San Jose, CA 3.Science ops: San Jose local Flights met all goals (sun tracking only). Large data set to guide improvements & test/demo flights in max alt 5.7 km

Sun Tracking Performance 19 9/28/2010; SJC t/o ~10 am

Vertical profile of optical depth (normalized to top of layer) 20 (nm) 9/28/2010 SJC ~10 am

Key Technological Hurdles Sun tracking across pressure differential. Yes, some issues with glint Entrance window contamination. Not yet Fiber optic couplings with <1% calibration stability (Connections/Rotation). Yes Irradiance calibration to 1% over a period of months. Not yet Radiance calibration to a few percent. Yes Stray light rejection: measure skylight down to within 3° of sun. Yes Sky scan within 100 seconds (10 km in flight). Yes Stray light inside spectrometers. Yes

Next steps… In FY11: bring 4STAR to full science capability Install/characterize skylight optics Improve FOV uniformity of sun optics Make tracking immune to glint Adding temperature-stabilized enclosure for spectrometers and electronics Apply correction of stray light inside spectrometer Full characterization in test-flight series on G-1 in April, Jul, Sep Mauna Loa Calibration In FY12 Hardening and retrieval algorithms 4STAR/AATS-14 intercomparison flight on NASA P-3 DOE/ARM Mission on G-1, Cape Cod, Summer and Winter 2012 Funding: NASA, DOE ARM, BMI, PNNL