1. Redemann, ICARTT workshop, Durham, NH, Aug.9-12, 2005 Airborne measurements of spectral direct aerosol radiative forcing - a new aerosol gradient method applied to data collected in INTEX/ITCT/ICARTT, 2004 J. Redemann (1), P. Pilewskie (2), P. Russell (4), J. Livingston (3), S. Howard (1), J. Pommier (1), B. Schmid (1), W. Gore (4), J. Eilers (4), M. Wendisch (5) (1) Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Sonoma, USA, (2) University of Colorado, Boulder, USA, (3) SRI International, Menlo Park, USA, (4) NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, USA, (5) Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany

2. Redemann, ICARTT workshop, Durham, NH, Aug.9-12, 2005 Contents  Description of the airborne instrumentation used in this study  Methodology for an observationally-based estimate of aerosol radiative effects  Comparison of results to ground-based methods  Summary

3. Redemann, ICARTT workshop, Durham, NH, Aug.9-12, 2005 Jetstream-31 (J31) in ITCT-INTEX Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation-Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment

4. Redemann, ICARTT workshop, Durham, NH, Aug.9-12, 2005 Methodology for radiative effect studies from AOD gradients

5. Redemann, ICARTT workshop, Durham, NH, Aug.9-12, 2005 Methodology for studying aerosol radiative forcing from horizontal AOD gradients  Measure simultaneous change in spectral aerosol optical depth (AATS-14) and spectral net irradiance (SSFR) →  F net /  AOD = aerosol radiative forcing efficiency  Observationally-based estimate of aerosol radiative effect  Advantage over ground-based methods – quasi-instantaneous – because of short horizontal distances  Need to check (and correct for) effects of changing solar zenith angle and changing column water vapor contents

6. Redemann, ICARTT workshop, Durham, NH, Aug.9-12, 2005

7. J31 Flight 12, 21 July 2004 Slope yields measure of forcing efficiency, i.e. forcing=f(AOD)

8. Redemann, ICARTT workshop, Durham, NH, Aug.9-12, 2005

9. Full spectrum of absolute and relative forcing efficiency

10. Redemann, ICARTT workshop, Durham, NH, Aug.9-12, 2005 Summary of 14 gradient cases

11. Redemann, ICARTT workshop, Durham, NH, Aug.9-12, 2005 R 2 -statistic – univariate vz. multivariate regressor model

12. Redemann, ICARTT workshop, Durham, NH, Aug.9-12, 2005

14. 350-700nm net flux change for 10 ICARTT cases, assuming ssa=0.9-1, g=0.65-0.7 Conversion from instantaneous to 24h-average forcing efficiency

15. Redemann, ICARTT workshop, Durham, NH, Aug.9-12, 2005 Bush and Valero, 2003 ACE-Asia Previous methodologies for aerosol radiative forcing studies Flux 400-700nm [Wm] Flux 400-700nm [Wm -2 ] GMT on Day 106 AOD (500nm) Flux 400-700nm [Wm] Flux 400-700nm [Wm -2 ]

16. Redemann, ICARTT workshop, Durham, NH, Aug.9-12, 2005 Comparison of 24h-avg. forcing efficiencies at the surface to previous work Author24h-ARFE @ surface [Wm -2 ] Spectral rangeregioncomments This work 45.8±13.1 82.9±23.1 0.35 – 0.7  m 0.35 – 1.67  m Gulf of Maineairborne Kim et al., 2005 69 - 90 (non-dust) 91 - 104 (dust) 0.3 – 4.0  m Korean peninsula + East China Sea surface Kim et al., 2005 55 - 76 0.3 – 4.0  m East Asiasurface Meywerk and Ramanathan, 1999 48* (84 at noon) 0.4 – 0.7  m East Asia, INDOEX-1 ship Bush and Valero, 2002 38.5±4.0 72.2±5.5 0.4 – 0.7  m 0.3 – 3.81  m Kaashidhoo, INDOEX surface Bush and Valero, 2003 42.2±4.8 73.0±9.6 0.4 – 0.7  m 0.3 – 3.81  m Gosan, ACE-Asia surface * Converted from reported value at solar noon

17. Redemann, ICARTT workshop, Durham, NH, Aug.9-12, 2005 Summary 1.In INTEX/ICARTT/ITCT, we observed a total of 14 horizontal AOD gradients, with 10 gradients well suited for an analysis using the gradient forcing method. 2.More than half of the AOD gradients (at a wavelength of 499 nm) were greater than 0.1 and extended over distances less than 40 km. 3.We found  cos(  )/  «1 &&   nm >0.05 to be necessary criteria for the gradient forcing method. 4.Within the 10 case studies we found a high variability in the derived instantaneous aerosol forcing efficiencies (forcing per unit optical depth) for the visible wavelength range (350-700nm), with a mean of -79.6Wm -2 and a standard deviation of 21.8Wm -2 (27%). 5.The mean instantaneous forcing efficiency for the visible plus near-IR wavelength range (350-1670nm) was derived to be ‑ 135.3Wm -2 with a standard deviation of 36.0Wm -2 (27%). 6.An analytical conversion of the instantaneous forcing efficiencies to 24h- average values based on a 2-stream approximation yielded -45.8±13.1Wm -2 (mean±std) for the visible and -82.9±23.1Wm -2 (mean±std) for the visible plus near-IR wavelength range, respectively.

18. Redemann, ICARTT workshop, Durham, NH, Aug.9-12, 2005 Acknowledgements Funding for the J-31 aircraft modifications through NASA RSP, TCP + SSP, and for ICARTT measurements and data analysis through NOAA ACCP are gratefully acknowledged.