Conflict in the Greek World Chapter 4, Section 3

The Persian Wars Persia (led by Darius I) had conquered a huge empire including the Greek city-state of Ionia. Persia (led by Darius I) had conquered a huge empire including the Greek city-state of Ionia. Ionia rebels and is squashed by Persia. Ionia rebels and is squashed by Persia. Battle at Marathon Battle at Marathon Athenians vastly outnumbered, but surprise the Persians by their boldness and win. Athenians vastly outnumbered, but surprise the Persians by their boldness and win. Athenian leader, Themistocles, knew it was not over. Athenian leader, Themistocles, knew it was not over.

Mediterranean Sea Aegean Sea Crete. Knossos. Athens. Sparta. Olympia. Delphi Mt. Olympus. Troy Asia Minor Macedonia. Corinth Ionia

The Persian Wars Greece Unites Greece Unites Darius I dies and is succeeded by son Xerxes. Darius I dies and is succeeded by son Xerxes. 300 Spartans at Thermopylae (Led by Leonidas) 300 Spartans at Thermopylae (Led by Leonidas) Athenians flee and Athens is burned Athenians flee and Athens is burned Athenians had built up a strong fleet and defeated the Persian fleet. Athenians had built up a strong fleet and defeated the Persian fleet. Persians then are defeated in Asia Minor Persians then are defeated in Asia Minor

Delian League Athens emerges most powerful of city- states. Athens emerges most powerful of city- states. Delian League is formed Delian League is formed Formal alliance between the city-states to come together for common defense. Formal alliance between the city-states to come together for common defense. Athens leader of the league Athens leader of the league

The Golden Age Pericles as Leader Pericles as Leader Skillful politician, inspiring speaker, respected general Skillful politician, inspiring speaker, respected general Dominates life in Athens from 461 to 429 B.C. Dominates life in Athens from 461 to 429 B.C.

Pericles’ Plan for Athens Stronger Democracy Stronger Democracy Pericles hires more paid public officials; creates direct democracy Pericles hires more paid public officials; creates direct democracy Direct democracy—citizens rule directly, not through representatives Direct democracy—citizens rule directly, not through representatives Men participating in the Assembly received a stipend- or salary. Men participating in the Assembly received a stipend- or salary. Served on juries Served on juries

Pericles’ Plan for Athens Athenian Empire Athenian Empire Takes over the Delian League; uses money to strengthen Athenian fleet. Takes over the Delian League; uses money to strengthen Athenian fleet. Sparta and other cities resent Athenian power. Sparta and other cities resent Athenian power. Glorifying Athens Glorifying Athens Pericles buys gold, ivory, marble; hires artisans to beautify Athens all with money from the Delian League without the whole league’s consent. Pericles buys gold, ivory, marble; hires artisans to beautify Athens all with money from the Delian League without the whole league’s consent.

Glorious Art and Architecture Architecture Architecture Pericles builds the Parthenon—a large temple to honor the goddess Athena. Pericles builds the Parthenon—a large temple to honor the goddess Athena. Within temple, sculptor Phidias crafts 30 foot statue of Athena Within temple, sculptor Phidias crafts 30 foot statue of Athena Art & Sculpture Art & Sculpture Early art likely influenced by Egypt Early art likely influenced by Egypt Sculptors create graceful, strong, perfectly formed figures. Sculptors create graceful, strong, perfectly formed figures. Classical art—values harmony, order, balance, proportion, beauty Classical art—values harmony, order, balance, proportion, beauty Art depicts Greek Life Art depicts Greek Life

The Parthenon from the south.

Drama Tragedy and Comedy Tragedy and Comedy Greeks invent drama as an art form; includes chorus, dance, poetry Greeks invent drama as an art form; includes chorus, dance, poetry Two forms of drama: tragedy and comedy Two forms of drama: tragedy and comedy Tragedy—tells story of heroes’ downfall; themes of love, hate, and war. (Meant to stir up pity and fear) Tragedy—tells story of heroes’ downfall; themes of love, hate, and war. (Meant to stir up pity and fear) Comedy—makes fun of politics and respected people; slapstick humor through use of satires Comedy—makes fun of politics and respected people; slapstick humor through use of satires Greek dramatists include Aeschylus, Euripides, Aristophanes, Sophicles Greek dramatists include Aeschylus, Euripides, Aristophanes, Sophicles

A Greek theater

Peloponnesian War Many Greeks resent Athens domination Many Greeks resent Athens domination Form the Peloponnesian League (Sparta and Athens enemies) Form the Peloponnesian League (Sparta and Athens enemies) Sparta (Athens enemies) vs. Athens Sparta (Athens enemies) vs. Athens 431 B.C. Sparta declares war on Athens—the beginning of the Peloponnesian War. 431 B.C. Sparta declares war on Athens—the beginning of the Peloponnesian War. Peloponnesian War Peloponnesian War Sparta has a better army. Sparta has a better army. Athens has a better navy. (Powerless for land battle) Athens has a better navy. (Powerless for land battle) Plague strikes Athens in 430 B.C., kills many— including Pericles. Plague strikes Athens in 430 B.C., kills many— including Pericles. Athens defeated in 404 B.C. Athens defeated in 404 B.C.

Plague in Athens Described “People in good health were all of a sudden attacked by violent heats in the head, and redness and inflammation in the eyes, the inward parts, such as the throat or tongue, becoming bloody and emitting an unnatural and fetid breath. These symptoms were followed by sneezing and hoarseness, after which the pain soon reached the chest, and produced a hard cough……..” “People in good health were all of a sudden attacked by violent heats in the head, and redness and inflammation in the eyes, the inward parts, such as the throat or tongue, becoming bloody and emitting an unnatural and fetid breath. These symptoms were followed by sneezing and hoarseness, after which the pain soon reached the chest, and produced a hard cough……..”

Plague in Athens Described “…..Externally the body was….reddish, livid, and breaking out into small pustules and ulcers….They succumbed, as in most cases, on the seventh or eighth day, to the internal inflammation…But if they passed this stage, and the disease descended further into the bowels, inducing a violent ulceration there accompanied by severe diarrhea, this brought on weakness which was generally fatal….This disorder.….settled in the privy parts, the fingers and the toes, and many escaped with the loss of these, some too with that of their eyes.” “…..Externally the body was….reddish, livid, and breaking out into small pustules and ulcers….They succumbed, as in most cases, on the seventh or eighth day, to the internal inflammation…But if they passed this stage, and the disease descended further into the bowels, inducing a violent ulceration there accompanied by severe diarrhea, this brought on weakness which was generally fatal….This disorder.….settled in the privy parts, the fingers and the toes, and many escaped with the loss of these, some too with that of their eyes.”

4 th Century B.C. Hoplite

The Glory that was Greece Chapter 4, Section 4 Democratic principles and classical culture flourish during Greece’s golden age.

Philosophers Search for Truth Rise of Great Philosophers Rise of Great Philosophers After the war, thinkers emerge who are called “lovers of wisdom.” This is from the Greek words: After the war, thinkers emerge who are called “lovers of wisdom.” This is from the Greek words: phileo-to love phileo-to love sophia—wisdom sophia—wisdom Philosophers believe the universe is subject to absolute and unchanging laws. Philosophers believe the universe is subject to absolute and unchanging laws. People could understand these laws through logic and reason. People could understand these laws through logic and reason. Rhetoric- art of skillful speaking Rhetoric- art of skillful speaking Use of persuasive rhetoric to advance careers. Use of persuasive rhetoric to advance careers.

Philosophers Search for Truth The Sophists The Sophists The word means “the wisest,” so they were proud of their supposed philosophical knowledge. The word means “the wisest,” so they were proud of their supposed philosophical knowledge. They claimed they could find the answers to all questions. They claimed they could find the answers to all questions. They used rhetoric to win arguments. They used rhetoric to win arguments. They often charged fees for teaching their skills and for arguing for others. They often charged fees for teaching their skills and for arguing for others. Condemned by Socrates Condemned by Socrates Sophist philosopher Protogoras questions the existence of Greek gods. Sophist philosopher Protogoras questions the existence of Greek gods.

Philosophers Search for Truth Socrates Socrates Socratic method- teaching through the method of questioning. Socratic method- teaching through the method of questioning. Didn’t write books Didn’t write books He is believed to have said “The unexamined life is not worth living.” He is believed to have said “The unexamined life is not worth living.” He is convicted of “corrupting the youth” of Athens and sentenced to death in 399 B.C. He is convicted of “corrupting the youth” of Athens and sentenced to death in 399 B.C. He dies by drinking hemlock, a slow acting poison. He dies by drinking hemlock, a slow acting poison.

Philosophers Search for Truth Plato Plato He is a student of Socrates. He is a student of Socrates. Real name was Aristocles Real name was Aristocles Wrestler Wrestler He writes The Republic, about an ideal society ruled by Philosopher-Kings He writes The Republic, about an ideal society ruled by Philosopher-Kings Believed philosophers should have the power Believed philosophers should have the power His writings dominate European philosophy for 1,500 years. His writings dominate European philosophy for 1,500 years.

Philosophers Search for Truth Aristotle Aristotle He was a student of Plato. He was a student of Plato. He uses rules of logic for argument. He uses rules of logic for argument. “Avoid extremes”; moderation “Avoid extremes”; moderation Happiness was the goal of life Happiness was the goal of life Believed in a single leader form of government. Believed in a single leader form of government. His work provides the basis for scientific method, still used today. His work provides the basis for scientific method, still used today. He tutors 13-year-old prince who becomes Alexander the Great He tutors 13-year-old prince who becomes Alexander the Great Universities modeled after Aristotles Lyceum Universities modeled after Aristotles Lyceum Voluntarily went into exile from Athens when things got politically dangerous for him. Voluntarily went into exile from Athens when things got politically dangerous for him. “lest Athens sin twice against philosophy” “lest Athens sin twice against philosophy”

Herodotus “Father of History” “Father of History” The Persian Wars The Persian Wars Introduced bias Introduced bias Did not avoid bias, merely pointed it out. Did not avoid bias, merely pointed it out. Focused on detail and accuracy Focused on detail and accuracy Thucydides Thucydides Younger historian Younger historian Wrote about the Peloponnesian War. Wrote about the Peloponnesian War. Tried to avoid bias & be fair Tried to avoid bias & be fair

Herodotus “These ships were the beginning of mischief both to the Greeks and the barbarians.” “These ships were the beginning of mischief both to the Greeks and the barbarians.” Historically speaking, what is wrong with this statement? Historically speaking, what is wrong with this statement?