Thermodynamics. System / environment Diathermal / adiabatic Walls between the system and surroundings are called diathermal if they permit energy flow.

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Presentation transcript:

Thermodynamics

System / environment

Diathermal / adiabatic Walls between the system and surroundings are called diathermal if they permit energy flow in or out

Diathermal / adiabatic Adiabatic walls do not permit any energy flow (perfect insulators)

Q, W, U HEAT WORK INTERNAL ENERGY

Ways to change U ΔU ΔU Q W

Energy added as heat can be used to do work Q ΔUΔU W

Energy added through work can be released as heat Q ΔUΔU W

Laws of TD 1) You can’t win. 2) You can’t break even. 3) You can’t quit.

0’th Law Energy flows from an object with a higher T to the object with a lower T… NATURALLY

First Law of Thermodynamics You can’t win… energy does not just ‘come out of nowhere’

Isobaric process: P = const

Isobaric graph Amount of work done

Example 1

3 “ISOS-” and “ADIA-” Isobaric – a thermodynamic process that takes place at a constant pressure Isochoric – a thermodynamic process that takes place at a constant volume Isothermal - a thermodynamic process that take place at a constant temperature Adiabatic - a thermodynamic process in which Q = 0

Isochoric graph

Isochoric

Isothermal

Adiabatic

Thermodynamic processes: Isothermal T = const ΔU Isochoric V = const W Adiabatic Q Isobaric P=const

Isochoric process 1 st Law of Thermodynamics

Isothermal 1 st Law of Thermodynamics Note : in case of phase change internal energy changes even if temperature does not.

Adiabatic 1 st Law of Thermodynamics

Isolated system NO CHANGE IN INTERNAL ENERGY

Heat Engine

Step 1 – intake

Step 2 – compression. U is increased by work done on the mixture

Power / work step – due to combustion the gas is doing work pushing the piston down.

Exhaust – gas (and the ‘left over’ energy) is pushed out)

Efficiency of a Carnot Engine

a) U increases through heat b) U increases through work c) U decreases through heat d) U decreases through work

2 nd Law of Thermodynamics

Entropy – the measure of a system’s disorder 2 nd Law: All natural processes lead to increase of entropy of the universe.

3 rd Law of Thermodynamics It is not possible to lower the temperature of any system to absolute zero.