Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved Management by Objectives Advantages –Motivates employees by involving them actively –Improves communication –Makes employees feel like an important part of the organization –Periodic review enhances control Disadvantages –Doesn’t work if the process doesn’t begin at the top of the organization –Can result in excessive paperwork –Some managers assign goals instead of collaborating on creating them –Goals should be quantifiable 10 | 1

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved Key Motivation Techniques (cont’d) Job enrichment –Provides employees with more variety and responsibility in their jobs Job enlargement –The expansion of a worker’s assignments to include additional but similar tasks Job redesign –A type of job enrichment in which work is restructured to cultivate the worker-job match 10 | 2

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved Key Motivation Techniques (cont’d) Behavior modification –A systematic program of reinforcement to encourage desirable behavior Steps in behavior modification –Identify the target behavior to be changed –Measure existing levels of the behavior –Reward employees who exhibit the desired behavior –Measure the target behavior to check for desired change If no change, consider changing reward system If change has occurred, maintain reinforcement 10 | 3

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved Key Motivation Techniques (cont’d) Flextime –A system in which employees set their own work hours within employer-determined limits –Typically, there are two bands of time Core time, when all employees are expected to be at work Flexible time, when employees may choose whether to be at work –Benefits Employees’ sense of independence and autonomy is motivating Employees with enough time to deal with nonwork issues are more productive and satisfied –Drawbacks Supervisors’ jobs are complicated by having employees who come and go at different times Employees without flextime may resent coworkers who have it 10 | 4

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved Key Motivation Techniques (cont’d) Part-time work –A permanent employment situation in which individuals work less than a standard workweek –Disadvantage: often does not provide the benefits that come with a full-time position Job sharing –An arrangement whereby two people share one full- time position –Companies can save on expenses by reducing benefits and avoiding employee turnover –Employees gain flexibility but may lose benefits –Sharing can be difficult if work is not easily divisible or if two people cannot work well together 10 | 5

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved Key Motivation Techniques (cont’d) Telecommuting –Working at home all the time or for a portion of the work week –Advantages Increased employee productivity Lower real estate and travel costs Reduced absenteeism and turnover Increased work/life balance and improved morale Access to additional labor pools –Disadvantages Feelings of isolation Putting in longer hours Distractions at home Difficulty monitoring productivity 10 | 6

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved Key Motivation Techniques (cont’d) Employee empowerment –Making employees more involved in their jobs by increasing their participation in decision making –Management must be involved to set expectations, communicate standards, institute periodic evaluations, guarantee follow-up –Benefits Increased job satisfaction Improved job performance Higher self-esteem Increased organizational commitment –Obstacles Management resistance Workers’ distrust of management Insufficient training Poor communication between management and employees 10 | 7