1 Sources of Alcohol Contains 7 kcal/g Beer, wine, distilled spirits, liqueurs, cordials, and hard cider –Vary in alcohol and caloric content Standard drink provides 15 g of alcohol –12 oz beer, 10 oz wine cooler, 5 oz wine or 1.5 oz of hard liquor Moderate intake –≤ 1 drink a day for women –≤ 2 drink a day for men

2 Production of Alcoholic Beverages Fermentation –Yeast consumes carbohydrates and converts them to alcohol and carbon dioxide Distillation –Separating the alcohol out of the product

3

4 Alcohol Absorption and Transport Alcohol is absorbed in GI tract by diffusion –20% in stomach –80% in duodenum and jejunum Readily dispersed throughout the body –Damages cell proteins

5

6 Alcohol Metabolism Low to moderate intakes –Alcohol dehydrogenase pathway Moderate to excessive intakes –Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) Drugs and foreign substances 2-10% is excreted unmetabolized –lungs, urine, sweat

Alcohol Metabolism (2) Factors affecting alcohol metabolism –Ethnicity, gender,and age –Alcoholic content, amount consumed, individual’s usual intake Rate of alcohol metabolism –Average 5-7g/hour (½ drink) –Intoxication and alcohol poisoning –Binge Drinking 7

8

9 Alcohol Consumption in North America 62% adults consume alcohol Of the 70% of college students who drink, at least 45% engage in binge drinking 4% of US population is alcohol-dependent –9% of young adults are alcohol-dependent By age 14/15 almost half of adolescents have consumed alcohol

10 Health Effects of Alcohol Guidelines for Using Alcohol Safely –Drink in moderation –Should not be consumed by some individuals and during some activities Potential Benefits –Self-reported reduced anxiety and stress –Appetite stimulant in elderly –Cardiovascular benefits –Type 2 diabetes and dementia?

11 Risks of Excessive Alcohol Intake Alcohol affects many organs and systems Accidents Brain, heart damage, high blood pressure Cancer: oral cavity, trachea, larynx and throat, colorectal, breast Cirrhosis of the Liver

12

13

14 Effects of Alcohol Abuse on Nutritional Status Protein-energy malnutrition Water-soluble vitamin def –Thiamin, niacin, B-6, B-12, and folate Fat-soluble vitamin def Due to impaired bile and pancreatic enzyme secretion Minerals –Calcium, magnesium, zinc and iron

15 Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Most severe damage occurs in the first wks of pregnancy Fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder Breastfeeding –Alcohol does pass through breast milk –It decreases breast milk production

16

17

18 Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol Abuse Alcohol Dependency (Alcoholism) –Genetic influences –Effect of gender –Age of onset of drinking –Ethnicity –Mental health

19