I. Importance of Greek civilization A. Led to the development of Western civilization in Europe & America. B. Made outstanding contributions to mathematics, science, art, literature, philosophy, & government.

A. Reasons for city-states 1. Cities separated by mountains & bodies of water - kept them from uniting into one country 2. Instead of one ruler for all of the city-states together, Greeks preferred their own government in their own community B. The city-state of Sparta 1. Art, lit, math, & philosophy did not appeal to Spartans 2. Mainly interested in a military life - prepared boys & men for self-defense & war II. The city-states of Greece Spartan soldier

a. 25,000 Spartan citizens had to be ready to defend themselves against a revolt by the 500,000 “helots” (1) Helots = prisoners forced into slavery (2) Helots required to give part of their crops to their master. This angered them & led to rebellions. (3) Once a year, Spartans declared war on helots, giving them an excuse to kill suspected troublemakers b. Boys were trained for the army beginning at age 7. c. Instead of learning to read & write, time was spent jumping, running, wrestling, & using a weapon. d. Men between 20 & 30 became cadets who policed the country & kept the helots under control. e. At age 30, a man was given the rights of a citizen. f. Military careers ended at age 60, whereupon a Spartan took a public service job or helped train the young.

3. The women of Sparta lived a freer life than other women. a. Besides caring for the home, many found time to participate in sports. b. Women were also allowed to own businesses & property.

C. The city-state of Athens 1. Athens was a “democracy” - people took part in gov’t a. The Assembly-made the laws, included all male citizens b. Assembly met 1x/week to discuss & debate spending money, the need for new laws, declaring war, & making peace c. Male citizens took turns being gov’t officials, responsible for organizing the city’s defenses, keeping up the food supply, & maintaining public defense d. Male citizens also served on juries during court trials. e. Citizens enjoyed freedom of speech, including the right to criticize their leaders. f. Women, slaves, & foreigners didn’t have citizenship rights.

2. Unlike Spartans, Athenians were very interested in art, etc. 3. Public buildings were beautiful; homes were small & plain 4. People gathered in the marketplace to visit & discuss news 5. Athletics were important a. Sports developed strength & coordination b. athletes competed every 4 years at Olympia- led to present-day Olympic Games c. Winners of Olympic events = heroes throughout Greece 6. Prisoners of war used as slaves 7. Women had different roles than men a. Their place was in the home caring for children b. They could not be government officials or members of the Assembly c. Women didn’t go to school & weren’t taught to read/write 8. Temples were built to honor the gods, although religion not as important as in other civilizations 9. Athens developed a civilization far ahead of others.

III. War breaks out between Sparta & Athens A. Causes of the Peloponnesian War 1. Individual city-states fought wars to compete for power 2. Although many city-states united to defeat the Persian army in 479 B.C., they didn’t unite permanently 3. Fighting started when Sparta became concerned that Athens was trying to become the most powerful city-state B. Important events in the Peoloponnesian War 1. Both Sparta & Athens had the help of other city-states 2. Sparta had the strongest army 3. Athens had the best navy & the most money 4. When the war began, a plague struck the city of Athens & killed 1 out of every 4 people 5. After 27 years of warfare, Athens’ navy was captured & the city was starved until it surrendered

C. Results of the War s killed & wounded; property destroyed 2. Weakened power of city-states & led to capture by invaders from Macedonia (north of Peloponnesia) 3. Alexander the Great of Macedonia conquered Greece, Persia, Egypt, & other lands. 4. Greek civilization continued to spread to other parts of the Mediterranean world.