Organic Chemistry HCC H C C C CC C H H H H H H H O H H H H H C C C H H H H C C C H H H H H H H H

Carbon is 1% of all elements found on Earth. Chemicals are either organic and inorganic. 13 million known compounds only are classified as inorganic. Organic: All carbon containing covalent compounds. Except: CO, CO 2, CS 2, and all ionic carbon compounds. Plastics, all fuels, drugs, rubber, clothes, carbohydrates, fats and proteins (anything alive).

Naturally occurring organic compounds are made of decomposed animals and plants – FOSSIL FUELS. Petroleum (Latin -‘petra’ (rock) and ‘oleum’ (oil) ) crude oil Industrial distillation is the process of using boiling point to separate crude oil into organic compounds. Items made from oil are called petro- products.

C 1 to C 6 C 6 to C 15 C 15 to C 18 C 18 to C 24

Typical Distillation Towers at Shell oil refineries

A carbon atom has four valence electrons. It will form 4 covalent bonds to fill valence shell Hydrogen only needs to form 1 covalent bond (1e - ) Methane CH 4 C H H H H The simplest organic compounds contain only single covalent bonds.

Alkanes · distinguished by C-C single covalent bonds · general formula C n H 2n+2 · considered saturated (all single bonds) Propane C3H8C3H8 Methane CH 4 C - C - C H HH HH H H H

H HH HH H H H Propane C 3 H 8 H H H H CCC HH HH

IUPAC Naming International Union of Pure And Applied Chemistry

Longest continuous carbon chain is the parent chain. Parent chain is named as the number of carbons and suffix “ane” MethaneCH 4 EthaneCH 3 CH 3 PropaneCH 3 CH 2 CH 3 ButaneCH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 PentaneCH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 HexaneCH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 HeptaneC 7 H 16 OctaneC 8 H 18 NonaneC 9 H 20 DecaneC 10 H 22

C 3 H 8 Molecular Formula CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 Condensed Formula C – C – C Carbon Skeleton CH 3 – CH 2 – CH 3 Structural Formula Complete Structural C - C - C H HH HH H H H

Draw all the formula types for pentane. C 5 H 10 Molecular CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 Condensed C – C – C – C – C Carbon Skeleton CH 3 – CH 2 – CH 2 – CH 2 – CH 3 Structural Complete

C 8 H 18 Molecular CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 Condensed C – C – C – C – C – C – C – CSkeleton CH 3 – CH 2 – CH 2 – CH 2 – CH 2 – CH 2 – CH 2 – CH 3 Structural Complete C - C - C - C - C - C - C - C HH HH H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Draw all the formula types for octane.