Dispatch Take out calendar and give 3 upcoming deadlines Get notes and notebook out and get ready for entrance quiz 2 Pick up lab book Look at animal behavior lab files for methods and materials BACKGROUND: on MEALWORMS Lunch: Test review and question for Morris

What Is Behavior? Behavior –Is what an animal does and how it does it –Includes muscular and nonmuscular activity Figure 51.2 Dorsal fin Anal fin

Fixed Action Patterns A fixed action pattern (FAP) –Is a sequence of unlearned, innate behaviors that is unchangeable –Once initiated, is usually carried to completion A FAP is triggered by an external sensory stimulus –Known as a sign stimulus

In male stickleback fish, the stimulus for attack behavior –Is the red underside of an intruder Figure 51.3a (a) A male three-spined stickleback fish shows its red underside.

When presented with unrealistic models –As long as some red is present, the attack behavior occurs Figure 51.3b The realistic model at the top, without a red underside, produces no aggressive response in a male three-spined stickleback fish. The other models, with red undersides, produce strong responses. (b) The realistic model at the top, without a red underside, produces no aggressive response in a male three-spined stickleback fish. The other models, with red undersides, produce strong responses.

Proximate and ultimate causes for the FAP attack behavior in male stickleback fish Figure 51.4 ULTIMATE CAUSE: By chasing away other male sticklebacks, a male decreases the chance that eggs laid in his nesting territory will be fertilized by another male. BEHAVIOR: A male stickleback fish attacks other male sticklebacks that invade its nesting territory. PROXIMATE CAUSE: The red belly of the intruding male acts as a sign stimulus that releases aggression in a male stickleback.

Imprinting Imprinting is a type of behavior –That includes both learning and innate components and is generally irreversible Imprinting is distinguished from other types of learning by a sensitive period A limited phase in an animal’s development that is the only time when certain behaviors can be learned An example of imprinting is young geese Following their mother

There are proximate and ultimate causes for this type of behavior Figure 51.5 BEHAVIOR: Young geese follow and imprint on their mother. PROXIMATE CAUSE: During an early, critical developmental stage, the young geese observe their mother moving away from them and calling. ULTIMATE CAUSE: On average, geese that follow and imprint on their mother receive more care and learn necessary skills, and thus have a greater chance of surviving than those that do not follow their mother.

Behavior and Territories nt/chp53/ html

Social Behavior Agonistic Behavior aggression/submission + competition for food, mates, territory + ritualized; reduces injury/energy Dominance Hierarchies power and status relationships among groups + minimize fighting for food/mates Territoriality possession/defense of territory + insures adequate food/space Altruistic Behavior unselfish behavior that appears to reduce fitness + increases inclusive fitness - ground squirrels

Kinesis and Taxis Nearly all animals are mobile at some point in their life. For some lower animals, movement is undirected and random, such as a Paramecium blundering about its environment. Such undirected orientation is called KINESIS. TAXIS is the term for movement in response to some stimulus. Taxis involves more complex behavior than kinesis, and is generally what we think of when we think of movement.

Taxis

Animal Movement Kinesis undirected change in speed of movement in response to stimulus + speed up in unfavorable; slow down in favorable - light, touch, air temp., etc. + Avon bug in the bathroom tub Taxis directed movement in response to stimulus + toward/away from stimulus - phototaxis, chemotaxis + mosquitos and CO2 Migration long-distance, seasonal movement + availability of food, degradation of environment - whales, birds, elks, insects, bats

Communication in Animals Why do animals communicate? How do animals communicate? Chemical pheromones + releaser pheromones cause immediate/specific behavioral changes + primer pheromones cause physiological changes - marking your territory Visual agonistic behavior + displays of aggression courtship behavior + announce participants as non-threatening/potential mates Auditory sounds + whales, crickets, birds Tactile touching

Learning Learning is the modification of behavior –Based on specific experiences Learned behaviors –Range from very simple to very complex

Classic conditioning What is the Stimulus and Response?

Operant Conditioning 010/04/Big-Bang-Theory-OB-21.mp4

Operant conditioning is a form of psychological learning where an individual modifies the occurrence and form of its own behavior due to the association of the behavior with a stimulus.psychological learningbehaviorassociationstimulus Operant conditioning is distinguished from classical conditioning (also called respondent conditioning) in that operant conditioning deals with the modification of "voluntary behavior" or operant behavior classical conditioningmodification of "voluntary behavior"

Take out yellow mini-book and write the following HEADINGS. See Vicktoria! Invasive Species Atmospheric Pollution Habitat Destruction Overexploitation TEST TOMORROW 6 ECOLOGY CHAPTERS

Conserving the planet QUESTIONS: 1)How are humans affecting ecosystems? 2)Why should humans conserve other species?

Population & species level conservation Biodiversity hot spot: small area with an exceptional concentration of species Endemic species: species found nowhere else Endangered species: organism “in danger of extinction” Threatened species: likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future

Biodiversity: Human welfare Why humans should protect other species: 25% of all medical prescriptions come from plants Aesthetic and ethical reasons Ecotourism can provide money Forests regulate climate

Deforestation Throughout the tropics, rain forests are being cut down. By different methods and for different reasons, people in tropical regions of the world are cutting down, burning, or otherwise damaging the forests. The process in which a forest is cut down, burned or damaged is called "deforestation." Global alarm has arisen because of tropical rain forests destruction. Not only are we losing beautiful areas, but the loss also strikes deeper. Extinction of many species and changes in our global climate are effects of deforestation. If the world continues at the current rate of deforestation, the world's rainforests will be gone within 100 years-causing unknown effects to the global climate and the elimination of the majority of plant and animal species on the planet.

What is the relationship between loss of habitat and loss of species?

Biodiversity crisis Extinction ~ natural phenomenon, however, current rate is of concern 50% loss of species when 90% of habitat is lost Major Threats: Habitat destruction ~ single greatest threat; cause of 73% of species designation as extinct, endangered, vulnerable, rare; 93% of coral reefs Competition by exotic (non-native) species ~ cause of 68% of species designation as extinct, endangered, vulnerable, rare; travel Overexploitation ~ commercial harvest or sport fishing; illegal trade Pollution—environmental change that adversely affects the lives and health of living things

Toxins in the Environment Humans release an immense variety of toxic chemicals –Including thousands of synthetics previously unknown to nature One of the reasons such toxins are so harmful –Is that they become more concentrated in successive trophic levels of a food web

In some cases, harmful substances –Persist for long periods of time in an ecosystem and continue to cause harm

In biological magnification –Toxins concentrate at higher trophic levels because at these levels biomass tends to be lower Figure Concentration of PCBs Herring gull eggs 124 ppm Zooplankton ppm Phytoplankton ppm Lake trout 4.83 ppm Smelt 1.04 ppm

Rising Atmospheric CO 2 Due to the increased burning of fossil fuels and other human activities –The concentration of atmospheric CO 2 has been steadily increasing Figure CO 2 concentration (ppm)  0.15  0.30  0.45 Temperature variation (  C) Temperature CO 2 Year

Acid Rain Scientists discovered, and have confirmed, that sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are the primary causes of acid rain. In the US, About 2/3 of all SO2 and 1/4 of all NOx comes from electric power generation that relies on burning fossil fuels like coal. Prevailing winds blow the compounds that cause both wet and dry acid deposition across state and national borders, and sometimes over hundreds of miles.

North American and European ecosystems downwind from industrial regions –Have been damaged by rain and snow containing nitric and sulfuric acid Figure Europe North America

Conservation biology focus Preservationism: setting side select areas as natural and underdeveloped Resource conservation: public lands to meet the needs of agriculture and extractive industries, i.e., ”multiple use” Evolutionary / ecological view: natural systems result from millions of years of evolution and ecosystem processes are necessary to maintain the biosphere

Taxis