Greece is located on the Balkan Peninsula in southern Europe. Seas – The Agean to the east between Greece and Turkey The Mediterranean Sea to the south The Ionian Sea to the west

2) Greek Facts The southern part of Greece is the Peloponnesus and is connected to the mainland by an isthmus. About 2000 islands in the surrounding seas were part of Greece. The largest island was Crete, southeast of the mainland. Colonies of Ancient Greece spread across the seas and were located on the coasts of Northern Africa, Spain, Italy, and Asia Minor.

Mt. Olympus was thought to be the home of Zeus – the most powerful of the gods. The sea brought people together. Greece had many natural harbors. The sea was a source of food. Trade was possible. The sea made it possible to form new colonies and to trade ideas.

4) cultural borrowing Adapting customs from one culture for use in another. 5) epic A long story-poem.

Minoans lived on the island of Crete. British archaeologist, Arthur Evans, discovered the ruins of the ancient kingdom. He called it the Minoan civilization in honor of the legendary king of Crete called Minos. Minoans built huge palaces that may have been the center for governing and for religion.

7) Minoan Writing Minoans developed a system of writing. The only remaining records were written on clay tablets. No one knows what caused the decline of the Minoan civilization.

Mycenaeans lived in Mycenae, a city near the coast of Peloponnesus. They were war like people. They traded with the Minoans and learned much of their culture. (cultural borrowing) They changed Minoan art styles to make them more warlike. They changed the Minoan written language to match their own.

Mycenaeans eventually controlled Crete. They also built huge palaces and walls to protect them. Trade lead to the establishment of many colonies. No one knows why this civilization weakened. Some believe the Dorians marched through burning villages and palaces. Others believe that “Sea Peoples” attacked Mycenae.

Homer is the author of two of the greatest Greek epics. The Iliad – a story about a great war- possibly the Trojan War. The Odyssey – the story of Odysseus and his ten-year journey home.

10) polis 11) acropolis 12) agora a city-state in ancient Greece- a city and the farms, towns, and villages around it. a walled fort built on a hill an open-air market and gathering place in Greek city- states

13) tyrant 14) aristocracy a wealthy ruling class a cruel ruler, someone who usually took control of a government illegally and ruled alone 15) helot a slave owned by the state in ancient Sparta 16) myth a story passed from generation to generation that usually tells about an ancient god or hero

17) oligarchy 18) democracy 19) majority rule a system in which a small group controls the government rule by the people a system in which the ideas and decisions supported by the most people are followed

 City-States such as Megara, Argos, Corinth, Athens, and Sparta, were made up of a city, small towns, villages, and nearby farms. A City- State was called a polis.

 Most Greek communities built a fort on top of a large hill called an acropolis. The acropolis was the center of religion in the city-state.  People met in the agora to trade and discuss the news.  Kings (tyrants) ruled the city-states of early Greece.  Later each city-state developed its own form of government.

 In some city-states the aristocracy shared authority with the king.  In other city-states democracies were formed and male citizens took part in assemblies to make laws.  Most city-states had fewer than 5,000 people.  When they became too crowded, some city-states set up colonies.

 Greek ideas were spread throughout the Mediterranean area through trade and colonization.  City-states began to compete for trade partners and land.  Both Sparta and Argos wanted to control Peloponnesus.  Athens and Thebes wanted to control northeast Peloponnesus.  Sparta and Athens were not rivals in the beginning, but they had different ideas and lifestyles.

 Located in the southern Peloponnesus  Simple life – much physical activity  Descendents of Dorian settlers  Slaves (helots) were the captured people who had lived in the area before the Spartans.  Helots were owned by the state.  Sparta had 10 times as many slaves as citizens.

 Girls were trained at home in gymnastics and running.  Women had fewer rights than men, but more rights than women in other city-states.  They handled business matters.  Their most important role was raising strong children.

 Spartans lived a simple life and didn’t want change.  They were afraid travel and trade would bring unwanted changes to their society.

 Sparta had 2 kings  Kings had little authority except in war  Each king was part of a 30 member senate (all 60 years or older)  All male citizens were allowed to participate in the assembly  5 wealthy landowners were elected to handle daily governing (euphors)

 Senators and euphors held the most power.  A small group like this is an oligarchy.  Spartan government was admired by other city-states.

 Located in Attica – northeast part of Peloponnesus Peninsula  Men served in the army during war times.  Citizens were encouraged to participate in government. (democracy – rule by the people)

 Every free man over the age of 20 had full political rights and took part in the assemblies.  Each man had one vote and the majority ruled.  Persons causing trouble could be voted out of the city-state for a period of 10 years.  Women could not vote, but they were considered to be citizens.

 Slaves in Greece made up one-third of the population.  They were owned by private citizens. hey did much of the work and had no rights as citizens.

 Greeks were loyal to their city-states.  Greek city-states had a strong cultural connection – belief in a common ancestor, common language, and religion  Olympics brought all the city-states together.  They believed Zeus and the other gods controlled the events in the world.  They shared a common alphabet – probably influenced by the Phoenician alphabet.

27) league a group of allies 28) tragedy 29) comedy a serious play with an unhappy ending a humorous play 30) plague a deadly sickness

a person who appeals to the emotions and prejudices of people in order to arouse discontent and advance his or her own political purposes 31) demagogue

Around 540 B.C. Persia conquered Greek cities in Asia Minor. About 500 B.C. the Greeks rebelled against Persia. Athens sent army to help the colonies, but they couldn’t defeat the Persians. Persia’s King Darius I sent troops to attack Athens.

Athenians met Persians on the plain of Marathon. Persia had more men, but Athens was able to defeat them in one day. Darius I died, and his son Xerxes took over as king. In 480 B.C. Xerxes sent 200,000 soldiers in 800 ships to attack Greece. The Greek city-states joined their armies and navies to fight Persia.

The Greeks won the war even though they had less men. Greek city-states formed leagues in case of future attacks. Sparta led the Peloponnesian League. Athens led the Delian League.

A time of achievement Pericles was the leader of Athens. He felt that every citizen had the right to vote – not just the wealthy. He arranged for jurors to be paid so they would not lose money being away from their jobs. He offered support to those working in the arts and building trades.

Writers and scientists were encouraged Great thinkers such as Socrates lived in Athens at that time. Socrates

Greek Columns

Peloponnesian war Athens and Sparta were not satisfied with their power Peloponesian League supported Sparta Delian League supported Athens War lasted 27 years Sparta attacked Athens Citizens of Athens moved into the city City became crowded and disease and starvation weakened the people

One fourth of the Athenian army died. Pericles also died. Demagogues (bad leaders) took over. Athens surrendered to Sparta in 404 B.C. Sparta replaced Athen’s democracy with an oligarchy. Athens rebelled and returned to a a democracy.

Some of the greatest thinkers and teachers lived in Athens during the end of the Golden Age and after. Socrates taught by asking questions. He made his students think rather than giving them the information. Socrates often criticized Athenians in an effort to get them to return to their former greatness.

The Athenian court accused Socrates of teaching dangerous ideas to young people. He was sentenced to death by drinking poison. He drank the poison because he felt it was more important to obey the law than to save his life by running away.

Plato was a student of Socrates. Like Socrates, he was disappointed with the leadership in Athens. Plato said that the leader should be a good person because good people are just and wise. He thought it was possible to become a good person by studying hard and loving wisdom. He thought the philosophers (lovers of wisdom) would make the best rulers.

In 385 B.C. Plato started a school called the Academy. Philosophers could attend the Academy and learn all they needed to govern wisely. Plato also had thoughts about what it takes to be a good citizen. A good citizen thinks and feels and then takes action.

He thought people should be well informed, understand other view points, and be responsible for their own behavior. Plato’s ideas about citizenship are shared by many people today.

Aristotle was a student of Plato’s. He was interested in how things were, not how he wanted them to be. He entered the Academy at 18 and studied for 20 years. Aristotle studied law, economics, astronomy, science, and sports. He left the Academy when Plato died. Aristotle and Plato disagreed about many things, but they both believed the best life was spent searching for truth and knowledge.

Vocabulary alliance Hellenistic multicultural an agreement to cooperate Greek like relating to many cultures

Helenistic Age Discoveries in Astronomy Spread of Greek Language & Religion Alexander the Great New Ideas in Mathematics Study of Medicine and Surgery Multicultural Empire

Phillip II of Macedonia defeated Athens and its allies gaining control of most of Greece. Phillip greatly respected Greek culture and wanted to preserve it. Phillip died, his son Alexander took over as king at the age of 20. Alexander dreamed of world conquest. He created the largest empire of the time.

His empire was multicultural. He spread Greek culture. He built cities that became great centers of learning. When he died, his empire crumbled because his generals fought for control.