Chapter 7 cover

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure mb/km 115G150 knots

Figure mb/km 40G65 knots

Figure 7.5

Figure 7.6

Figure 7.7

Figure 7.8

Figure 7.9 Four facts about Coriolis: Pg. 133 What about Friction Balance? (Whiteboard)

Figure 7.10 Near- Geostrophic Balance

Figure 7.11 Jet Stream vs. Jet Streak

Figure 7.12

Figure 7.13 Key: What main concept explains the existence of the Jet Stream?

Famous Palmen and Newton Conceptual Model

Table 7.1 Newton’s second law for horizontal and vertical motions (PGF denotes the pressure gradient force) Type of MotionNewton’s Second law Horizontal motions above the boundary layer Acceleration = Horizontal PGF + Coriolis Force Horizontal motions within the boundary layer Acceleration = Horizontal PGF + Coriolis Force + Friction Vertical motionsAcceleration = Vertical PGF + Gravity

Table 7.2 part 1 Table 7.2: Summary of the properties of forces acting on air in the Earth’s atmosphere Force Direction in which force acts Strength depends on Effect on airBalances Vertical Pressure Gradient Force Upward, from higher to lower pressure Magnitude of the vertical pressure gradient Accelerates air vertically toward lower pressure Hydrostatic balance when equal and opposite to gravitational force Horizontal Pressure gradient force Horizontally, from higher to lower pressure Magnitude of the horizontal pressure gradient Accelerates air horizontally Geostrophic balance when equal and opposite to Coriolis force Coriolis Force To the right (left) of the wind direction in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere Wind speed and latitude Affects wind direction, but no effect on wind speed Geostrophic balance when equal and opposite to horizontal pressure gradient force

Table 7.2 part 2 Table 7.2 continued Summary of the properties of forces acting on air in the Earth’s atmosphere Force Direction in which force acts Strength depends on Effect on airBalances Frictional force Opposite the direction of the flow The roughness of the underlying surface Reduces air velocity, important primarily in boundary layer _________ Gravitational force Toward the center of the earth Essentially constant in the troposphere Accelerates air downward Hydrostatic balance when equal and opposite to vertical pressure gradient force.