AS/A-LEVEL BIOLOGY Protein digestion and absorption presentation

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Presentation transcript:

AS/A-LEVEL BIOLOGY 3.3.3 Protein digestion and absorption presentation To be used alongside AQA AS/A-level Biology protein digestion and absorption teaching notes Version 1.0 Copyright © 2015 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.

Protein digestion Like all digestion, this involves hydrolysis Three types of enzyme involved Endopeptidases: hydrolyse peptide bonds between specific amino acids in the middle of a polypeptide Exopeptidases: hydrolyse peptide bonds between specific amino acids at the ends of a polypeptide Dipeptidases: hydrolyse the peptide bond in a dipeptide Version 1.0 Copyright © 2015 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.

Exopeptidases and endopeptidases Exopeptidase breaks bonds at ends of polypeptide to produce dipeptides or individual amino acids Endopeptidase breaks bonds in middle of polypeptide to produce shorter polypeptides Copyright © 2015 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.

Pause for thought The first stage of protein digestion occurs in the stomach. An endopeptidase (pepsin) is the only protein-digesting enzyme in the stomach. Only later, in the small intestine, is the food mixed with exopeptidases. Suggest the advantage of this sequence. Copyright © 2015 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.

Dipeptidases Dipeptidases are located in the surface membranes of cells lining the small intestine They hydrolyse dipeptides into amino acids As a result, the final products of protein digestion are amino acids, which are absorbed by cells lining the ileum of the small intestine Copyright © 2015 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.

Summary of protein digestion Copyright © 2015 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.

Amino acid absorption Uptake from the ileum is by facilitated diffusion through specific carrier molecules in the surface membranes of epithelial cells With each amino acid, one Na+ ion is also taken up, an example of co-transport A diffusion gradient for Na+ is maintained by their active transport through the base of the epithelial cells Amino acids pass through the base of the epithelial cells by facilitated diffusion Copyright © 2015 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.

Uptake by co-transport Version 1.0 Copyright © 2015 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.

Acknowledgements Diagram in slide 8  Rowland, M., 1992, Biology, Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd Copyright © 2015 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.