1 Biodiversity Monitoring and Database Development Jung-Tai Chao Division of Forest Protection Taiwan Forestry Research Institute 53 Nan-Hai Road, Taipei, TAIWAN 10066, R.O.C.

2 Ant Ground beetle Butterfly Dragonfly

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Biodiversity Monitoring (Butterfly) 1. Monitoring along 2Km baseline transects Hushan ( 虎山 ), Taipei City Lunggong ( 龍崗 ), Keelung City Ergeshan ( 二格山 ), Taipei City 2. Monitoring along 500m transects A total of 31 transects were set all over the island of Taiwan (cf. Van Swaay et al., 2008). 5

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Results ( Results (2Km baseline transects) 1. Hushan 34 times of monitoring, a total of 2,848 butterflies belonging to 98 species, 5 families were recorded. 2. Lunggong 32 times of monitoring, a total of 6,338 butterflies belonging to 117 species, 5 families were recorded. 3. Ergeshan 28 times of monitoring, a total of 4,737 butterflies belonging to 130 species, 5 families were recorded. 8

Numbers of butterfly species and individuals Family Hushan Lunggong Ergeshan No. of Species No. of individuals No. of Species No. of individuals No. of Species No. of individuals Hesperiidae Papilionidae Pieridae Lycaenidae Nymphalidae Total ( 二 ) 穿越線調查結果 Results (2Km baseline transects)

10 Hushan Lunggong Ergeshan Proportion of individuals by family

11 Diversity index of the 3 baseline transects ( 二 ) 穿越線調查結果 Diversity index of all 3 transects was high (Simpson index > 0.95) Results (2Km baseline transects) Transect No. of species No. of indivi- duals Species richness (Chao 1 index ) Shannon index Simpson index (1-D) Fisher’s alpha index Hushan Lunggong Ergeshan

12 Species abundance and richness – Hushan ( 二 ) 穿越線調查結果 Results (2Km baseline transects) The estimated number of species based on Chao-1 index increased from 110 in June 2010 to 128 by November 2010.

13 Species abundance and richness – Lunggong ( 二 ) 穿越線調查結果 Results (2Km baseline transects) The estimated number of species based on Chao1-bc index increased from 114 in June 2010 to 123 by November 2010.

14 Species abundance and richness – Ergeshan ( 二 ) 穿越線調查結果 Results (2Km baseline transects) The estimated number of species based on Chao 1-bc index increased from 122 in June 2010 to 147 by November 2010.

TransectHushanLunggongErgeshan Hushan Lunggong Ergeshan Similarity indices of butterfly assemblages ( 二 ) 穿越線調查結果 Lunggong and Ergeshan are more similar Results (2Km baseline transects)

Thirty one short transects located all over the island 16 Results (500m transects) A total of 8,194 butterflies, belonging to 192 species, was recorded from 31 transects (3 surveys for each transect only)

Results : Mapping geographical distribution Mapping geographical distribution based on recorded presence of species from each transect : 1. Species richness 2. Alien species 3. Endemic species 4. Legally protected species 17

Distribution map: Specie richness species (52.8% of the total butterfly species in Taiwan)

Distribution map: Alien species 19

Alien species (first found in 1998) checked 20 Faunis eumeus ( 串珠環蝶 ) Recorded 174 times from Lunggong but none from any other transects Discophora sondaica ( 鳳眼方環蝶 ) Recorded 11 times from Lunggong, 6 from Hushan, 1 from Ergeshan, 2 from Baoshan Reservoir, 1 from Kuansi, 2 from Lion head Mountain

Distribution map: endemic species 21

Distribution map: endemic species 22

Distribution map: Legally protected species 23

Database Structure and function of database include: 1. List of Latin name and Chinese name of all 411 butterfly species, belonging to 5 families, in Taiwan 2. Attributes of 34 transects 3. Query by dates of survey, locality, and butterfly species 4. Automatic calculation of diversity indices and pie chart showing percentage of each family for each survey 5. Comparison between different transects in a given period 24

Taiwan Butterfly Monitoring Network 25 Structure and function of database Homepage

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29 List of butterfly in Taiwan

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35 Hushan Latitude Longitude Altitude Recorded species

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37 Analysis of single transect Accumulated number of butterflies under each family

38 Analysis of single transect Change of abundance through time

39 Comparison of 2 transects Ergeshan Lunggong

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Discussion  A total of 187 surveys along 34 transects in 2 years recorded 22,117 butterflies of 217 species and this accounts for 52.8% (217/411) of the total butterfly species in Taiwan.  The UK Butterfly Monitoring Scheme recorded 63 species over a period of 30 years and this accounts for 90% (63/71) of the total butterfly species in UK 41

 There are 750 transects in UK set for butterfly monitoring. Considering land area alone (UK is 6.7 times that of Taiwan), Taiwan may need at least 111 (750/6.7) transects for butterfly monitoring, not to mention that Taiwan has much diverse landscape and higher species richness. 42 Discussion

Discussion  The number of butterfly species of Taiwan is 5.8 times that of UK and the terrain of Taiwan is more complicated than that of UK. Therefore, monitoring butterfly in Taiwan is relatively more challenging.  Opportunity goes along with the challenge of monitoring butterflies in Taiwan. The Taiwan experience may provide insight for developing more proper butterfly monitoring scheme in tropical and subtropical regions. 43

44 Constraints of biodiversity monitoring Hard to measure No standards No baseline Poorly defined monitoring system Lack of long-term political commitment Cost

 Significance of the project 1. Established a butterfly monitoring protocol for current and future use. 2. Established the first baseline information for long-term monitoring of butterfly diversity, by using standard monitoring methods, along 34 transects all over the island of Taiwan. 45

 Significance of the project 3. Created the first quantitative analysis database on butterfly diversity at the national scale. 4. Created a “Taiwan Butterfly Monitoring Network” website for public use. 5. Provided a manual for identifying easily misidentified butterflies in Taiwan. 46

 Future development 1. Assessing the adequacy of the 34 transects established 2. Assessing the optimal number of transects in Taiwan 3. Training more volunteers qualified for monitoring 4. Cost down for monitoring work 47

48 Acknowledgement Taiwan Forestry Bureau Taiwan Entomological Society Professor Y. F. Hsu Ms. W. H. Wu Mr. C. K. Wang Mr. J. H. Yen Ms. W. S. Chien Mr. C. H. Lin

Thank you for your attention! 49

Cost analysis for current butterfly monitoring Detscription Unit price (NTD) QuantityTotal (NTD) Petro Survey vehicle use 3,000 per survey 165 times/yr495,000 Labor Maintaining database and website 10,000 per month 12 months120,000 Travel Reimbursement for workshop participants 10,000 per workshop 4 times per year 40,000 Training Payment for workshop instructor 6,000 per workshop 4 times per year 24,000 Total679,000

51 Assessing the status of species Species status General patterns Trends Species richness Threatened species Data Deficient species Threat processes