4 - 1 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computer Software Chapter 4

4 - 2 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Software

4 - 3 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Operating System Definition: An integrated system of programs that manages the operations of the CPU, controls the input/output and storage resources and activities of the computer system, and provides various support services as the computer executes the application programs of users

4 - 4 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Operating System Functions

4 - 5 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Other System Management Programs Performance Monitors – programs that monitor and adjust the performance and usage of one or more computer systems to keep them running efficiently Security Monitors – programs that monitor and control the use of computer systems and provide warning messages and record evidence of unauthorized use of computer resources

4 - 6 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Programming Languages

4 - 7 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Language Translator Programs Assembler – translates the symbolic instruction codes of programs written in an assembler language into machine language instructions Compiler – translates high-level language statements Interpreter – compiler that translates and executes each statement in a program one at a time

4 - 8 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Data Resource Management Chapter 5

4 - 9 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Data Resource Management Definition: A managerial activity that applies information systems technologies to the task of managing an organization’s data resources to meet the information needs of their business stakeholders

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundation Data Concepts Character – single alphabetic, numeric or other symbol Field – group of related characters Entity – person, place, object or event Attribute – characteristic of an entity

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundation Data Concepts Record – collection of attributes that describe an entity File – group of related records Database – integrated collection of logically related data elements

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Databases Operational – store detailed data needed to support the business processes and operations of a company Distributed – databases that are replicated and distributed in whole or in part to network servers at a variety of sites

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Data Warehouse Definition: Large database that stores data that have been extracted from the various operational, external, and other databases of an organization

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Data Mining Definition: Analyzing the data in a data warehouse to reveal hidden patterns and trends in historical business activity

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Data Mining Uses Perform “market-basket analysis” to identify new product bundles. Find root causes to quality or manufacturing problems. Prevent customer attrition and acquire new customers. Cross-sell to existing customers. Profile customers with more accuracy.

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Database Management Approach Definition: Consolidates data records into one database that can be accessed by many different application programs. Software interface between users and databases Data definition is stored once, separately from application programs

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Database Management Software (DBMS) Definition: Software that controls the creation, maintenance, and use of databases

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Database Interrogation Definition: Capability of a DBMS to report information from the database in response to end users’ requests Query Language – allows easy, immediate access to ad hoc data requests Report Generator - allows quick, easy specification of a report format for information users have requested

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Database Structures Hierarchical – relationships between records form a hierarchy or treelike structure Network – data can be accessed by one of several paths because any data element or record can be related to any number of other data elements

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Relational Database Structure Definition: All data elements within the database are viewed as being stored in the form of simple tables

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Evaluation of Database Structures Hierarchical data structure is best for structured, routine types of transaction processing. Network data structure is best when many-to-many relationships are needed. Relational data structure is best when ad hoc reporting is required.

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Database Development Enterprise-wide database development is usually controlled by database administrators (DBA) Data dictionary – catalog or directory containing metadata Metadata – data about data

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Entity Relationship Diagram

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Telecommunications And Networks Chapter 6

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Telecommunications Definition: The exchange of information in any form (voice, data, text, images, audio, video) over networks

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Open Systems Definition: Information systems that use common standards for hardware, software, applications, and networking

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Telecommunications Network Components Terminals – any input/output device that uses telecommunications networks to transmit or receive data Telecommunications Processors – devices that perform control and support functions Telecommunications Channels – media over which data are transmitted and received Computers – all sizes and types Telecommunications Control Software – programs that control telecommunications activities

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Telecommunications Network Components

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Telecommunications Networks Wide Area Network (WAN) – network that covers a large geographic area Local Area Network (LAN) – network connecting information processing devices within a limited physical area Virtual Private Network (VPN) – secure network that uses the Internet as its main backbone network, but relies on network firewalls, encryption, and other security features of its Internet and intranet connections and those of participating organizations

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Network Topologies Star – ties end user computers to a central computer Ring – ties local computer processors together in a ring on a relatively equal basis Bus – local processors share the same communications channel

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Network Topologies

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Network Architectures & Protocols Protocol – standard set of rules and procedures for the control of communications in a network Network Architecture – the use of standard protocols, standard communications hardware and software interfaces and the design of a standard multilevel interface between end users and computer systems with the goal of promoting an open, simple, flexible, and efficient telecommunications environment

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. OSI & TCP/IP Models Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) - model is a seven-layer model that serves as a standard model for network architectures Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) – is a five layer telecommunications protocol used by the Internet

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Bandwidth Definition: Classification of communications speed and capacity of telecommunications networks Transmission Rates: Narrow-band – low-speed Broadband – high-speed

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. End of Chapter Chapter 6