The Power of Two: Achievement and Progress

The Achievement Lens Provides a measure of what students know and are able to do relative to the Ohio standards, benchmarks and grade level indicators. Achievement tests are an important measure of the academic learning students have accumulated since birth. Creates a set of criteria for a statewide accountability system. Provides a measure of what students know and are able to do relative to the Ohio standards, benchmarks and grade level indicators. Achievement tests are an important measure of the academic learning students have accumulated since birth. Creates a set of criteria for a statewide accountability system.

The Fit between Achievement Measures and Accountability Criteria is Critical

Coleman Report “[S]chools bring little influence to bear upon a child’s achievement that is independent of his background and general social context” (Coleman et al., 1966, p. 325)

Issues that arise as we connect Achievement and Accountability Different starting points require different growth rates. A judgment of school quality is flawed if it is based solely on the achievement levels of its students. Problematic diagnostic value What part of academic achievement is due to SES and what part is due to the school? Achievement Targets tend to motivate students and teachers who are within reach of those targets. Different starting points require different growth rates. A judgment of school quality is flawed if it is based solely on the achievement levels of its students. Problematic diagnostic value What part of academic achievement is due to SES and what part is due to the school? Achievement Targets tend to motivate students and teachers who are within reach of those targets.

Proficiency Bar — 75% passage rate Achievement Levels Grade Levels High SES school Low SES school

The Progress Lens Uses existing achievement measures to do the analysis. Reliable measure of student academic growth from one test to the next, i.e., spring to spring. Substantial diagnostic value as well as accountability value. Uses existing achievement measures to do the analysis. Reliable measure of student academic growth from one test to the next, i.e., spring to spring. Substantial diagnostic value as well as accountability value.

How is it Done? Reading Math Science Social Studies SAT9 OPT4 SAT9 OPT6 3rd 4th 5th 6th 1.We collect all of the individual student data that is available for students. 2.All of these data points are used to develop individual student academic profiles. Copyright © Battelle for Kids Profile for “Student One”

Student Profile 1 Student Profile 2 Student Profile 3 Student Profile 4 Student Profile 5 Student Profile 6 Student Profile 7 Student Profile 8 Student Profile 9 Student Profile 10 Student Profile 11 Student Profile 12 Student Profile 13 Student Profile 14 Student Profile 15 Student Profile 16 Student Profile 17 Student Profile 18 Student Profile 19 Student Profile 20 3.Each student’s profile is added to a pool that contains the profiles of all students, present and past, who have taken the same year-end assessments. Student Data Includes the profiles of all students from this year and from past years who have taken the same year-end assessments Copyright © Battelle for Kids The Pool

Student Projection1 Student Projection 2 Student Projection 3 Student Projection 4 Student Projection 5 Student Projection 6 Student Projection 7 Student Projection 8 Student Projection 9 Student Projection 10 Student Projection 11 Student Projection 12 Student Projection 13 Student Projection 14 Student Projection 15 Student Projection 16 Student Projection 17 Student Projection 18 Student Projection 19 Student Projection 20 The actual results of other students who have profiles very similar to Student One are used to create a statistical projection of where Student One is likely to be at the end of a given academic year. 4. The profiles of other students with similar performance histories are then used to create statistically reliable projected scores for each student. The Pool

Your School Student Projection1 Student Projection 2 Student Projection 3 Student Projection 4 Student Projection 5 Student Projection 6 Student Projection 7 Student Projection 8 Student Projection 9 Student Projection 10 Student Projection 11 Student Projection 12 Student Projection 13 Student Projection 14 Student Projection 15 Student Projection 16 Student Projection 17 Student Projection 18 Student Projection 19 Student Projection 20 Mean Projected Score Student Score 1 Student Score 2 Student Score 3 Student Score 4 Student Score 5 Student Score 6 Student Score 7 Student Score 8 Student Score 9 Student Score 10 Student Score 11 Student Score 12 Student Score 13 Student Score 14 Student Score 15 Student Score 16 Student Score 17 Student Score 18 Student Score 19 Student Score 20 Mean Student Score 5. Mean projections and mean student scores are calculated. Copyright © Battelle for Kids

Mean Student Score - Mean Predicted Score with additional statistical reliability factored in = School Effect 6. The mean student score is compared to the building’s mean predicted score to determine the School Effect. Copyright © Battelle for Kids

Information provided by Progress Measures The average progress of students in each subject and grade level. The average progress of students at different prior achievement levels. Comparisons of progress across curricular areas. Individual student progress relative to the state and federal benchmarks. The average progress of students in each subject and grade level. The average progress of students at different prior achievement levels. Comparisons of progress across curricular areas. Individual student progress relative to the state and federal benchmarks.

What has been learned from research using progress measures.

Research Nuggets Teachers matter The difference between having a high and a low quality teacher 3 years in a row is roughly 50 percentile points. Differences within schools are typically greater than differences across schools. Only the most effective teachers - the top 20 per cent – are providing instruction that produces adequate gain in high-achieving students, while students in the lower achievement levels profit from all but the least effective teachers. Teachers matter The difference between having a high and a low quality teacher 3 years in a row is roughly 50 percentile points. Differences within schools are typically greater than differences across schools. Only the most effective teachers - the top 20 per cent – are providing instruction that produces adequate gain in high-achieving students, while students in the lower achievement levels profit from all but the least effective teachers.

Research Nuggets (cont.) Low achieving students are the first to benefit from improvements in teacher effectiveness. Students of different ethnicities respond equivalently within the same quintile of teacher effectiveness. Having a high quality teacher throughout elementary school can substantially offset or even eliminate the disadvantage of low socio- economic background. Low achieving students are the first to benefit from improvements in teacher effectiveness. Students of different ethnicities respond equivalently within the same quintile of teacher effectiveness. Having a high quality teacher throughout elementary school can substantially offset or even eliminate the disadvantage of low socio- economic background.

Measurement of Learning Types Achievement StatusAchievement Gain Often use Standardized Test Scores Reflect School Quality Both are important to parents, teachers, and community Is the ultimate metric for student post-secondary opportunities Compares year to year performances of unlike cohorts on School Report Card Is significantly related to student family background Simply put, achievement status conveys the degree to which a student or cohort demonstrates performance mastery Much of the foundational research using this form reported discouraging school influence on student achievement Measures the progress students make between two points in time Is largely unrelated to student background factors Though the calculations require involved data structures, capacity, and statistical technology, the concept is straightforward – student progress The more recent research using this metric found the school’s / teacher’s influence to be paramount for facilitating student academic progress A usable gauge for measuring school program effectiveness for anyway that students are grouped